Albert Einstein Essays (1489 words) - Albert Einstein,

Albert Einstein Albert Einstein Of all the scientists to emerge from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries there is one whose name is known by almost all living people. While most of these do not understand this man's work, everyone knows that its impact on the world of science is astonishing. Yes, many have heard of Albert Einstein's General Theory of relativity, but few know about the intriguing life that led this scientist to discover what some have called, The greatest single achievement of human thought. Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1874. Before his first birthday, his family had moved to Munich where young Albert's father, Hermann Einstein, and uncle set up a small electro-chemical business. He was fortunate to have an excellent family with which he held a strong relationship. Albert's mother, Pauline Einstein, had an intense passion for music and literature, and it was she that first introduced her son to the violin in which he found much joy and relaxation. Also, he was very close with his younger sister, Maja, and hey could often be found in the lakes that were scattered about the countryside near Munich. As a child, Einstein's sense of curiosity had already begun to stir. A favorite toy of his was his father's compass, and he often marvelled at his uncle's explanations of algebra. Although young Albert was intrigued by certain mysteries of science, he was considered a slow learner. His failure to become fluent in German until the age of nine even led some teachersto believe he was disabled. Einstein's post-basic education began at the Luitpold Gymnasium when he was ten. It was here that he first encountered the German spirit through the school's strict disciplinary policy. His disapproval of this method of teaching led to his reputation as a rebel. It was probably these differences that caused Einstein to search for knowledge at home. He began not with science, but with religion. He avidly studied the Bible seeking truth, but this religious fervor soon died down when he discovered the intrigue of science and math. To him, these seemed much more realistic than ancient stories. With this new knowledge he disliked class even more, and was eventually expelled from Luitpold Gymnasium being considered a disruptive influence. Feeling that he could no longer deal with the German mentality, Einstein moved to Switzerland where he continued his education. At sixteen he attempted to enroll at the Federal Institute of Technology but failed the entrance exam. This forced him to study locally for one year until he finally passed the school's evaluation. The Institute allowed Einstein to meet many other students that shared his curiosity, and It was here that his studies turned mainly to Physics. He quickly learned that while physicists had generally agreed on major principals in the past, there were modern scientists who were attempting to disprove outdated theories. Since most of Einstein's teachers ignored these new ideas, he was again forced to explore on his own. In 1900 he graduated from the Institute and then achieved citizenship to Switzerland. Einstein became a clerk at the Swiss Patent Office in 1902. This job had little to do with physics, but he was able to satiate his curiosity by figuring out how new inventions worked. The most important part of Einstein's occupation was that it allowed him enough time to pursue his own line of research. As his ideas began to develop, he published them in specialist journals. Though he was still unknown to the scientific world, he began to attract a large circle of friends and admirers. A group of students that he tutored quickly transformed into a social club that shared a love of nature, music, and of course, science. In 1903 he married Mileva Meric, a mathematician friend. In 1905, Einstein published five separate papers in a journal, the Annals of Physics. The first was immediately acknowledged, and the University of Zurich awarded Einstein an additional degree. The other papers helped to develop modern physics and earned him the reputation of an artist. Many scientists have said that Einstein's work contained an imaginative spirit that was seen in most poetry. His work at this time dealt with molecules, and how their motion affected temperature, but he is most well known for his Special Theory of Relativity which tackled motion and the speed of light. Perhaps the most important part of his discoveries was the equation: E=mc2. After publishing these theories Einstein was promoted at his office. He remained at the Patents Office for another two years, but his name

Critical Analysis of Crime and Punishment

Critical Analysis of Crime and Punishment Free Online Research Papers Crime and Punishment was like no other book that I have read in a while. The style, plot, settings and especially characters were all completely different and in now way associate with much of the books that I have recently read. Fyodor Dostoyevsky truly reaches the teaching of wrong and right, and how your conscience can break through your mind, such as the main character Raskolnikov. The story line has an investigation of the forces that impel a man toward sin, suffering and grace. This plot has the amazing characteristic of what makes Crime and Punishment a true classic. The books memorable main character, Raskolnikov, makes for a perfect recipe in the book. He is a lonely man living on his own with much debt on his hands. He commits a crime, by murdering a pawn shop lady, in order to get money to pay off all his troubles. But after he commits his crime, he runs off, taking almost nothing from the woman he had purposely killed, except for a long journey of misery. Raskolnikov remained quite, until detectives began to come under his skin as well as his conscience. He could not live in peace anymore until his dirty deed was revealed in order to have peace within himself. This character, as well as many others in the story, remains the focal point of the mysterious conscience of human kind. The plot shows how one can imagine things, or almost go insane if not taken to the honest truth in ones soul. It shows that living a lie can ruin ones health and can result in a complete finish. The main character demonstrates how life in a lie and suffering is the key towards another beginning. Suffering can lead someone into feeling the lost happiness, and the only way it can be found is by suffering. This book named good points in human values and how a troubled character can lead to a new beginning with a new epiphany. Some of the qualities of the book that were favorable was the plot. I enjoyed the style and language and the lessons taught throughout the text. I enjoyed how the storyline was about a mystery that was already revealed in the beginning of the book, but it still kept the audience wanting to learn more about the still mysterious character. Another subject that enchanted me about this book is that it some what relates to Fyodor Dostoyevsky. It is very interesting to learn about a foreign author and bout the troubles in their life that lead to a successful and classic story to literature today. There was one quality that I personally did not like about this book. I did not favor the fact that this book was a translation. It was written well, but sometimes words can get changed, and the whole affect of a caption can be changed just by one single word. Translations cannot always mean the same thing in another language and can change the feeling that an author might have been trying to portray in a certain section of the book. Overall the book was a great read and I do recommend it to any other person whom might like to read about mystery and suspension. The book took different levels of moods and kept me interested throughout the whole time. That multiple characters and situations that were introduced made me want to read more a more in order to discover the true meaning of the main character. Raskolnikov’s feelings and conscience and also his hard work towards happiness made this a good read. The ever changing mood made the plot more interesting chapter by chapter. Also despite the length of the book, it was interesting to read such a unique passage about the human qualities of their conscience and how happiness is only met by truth and honesty. The difference between the good and evil repeats its self all over again to teach a life lesson in Crime and Punishment. Research Papers on Critical Analysis of "Crime and Punishment"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMind TravelThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is Art

An investigation into perceptions of employee benefits in UK Literature review

An investigation into perceptions of employee benefits in UK - Literature review Example Employee benefits can be short term, long term and termination benefits. Short term benefits generally include monetary and non-monetary benefits for a short period. Long term benefits include pensions and other retirement plans. A possible narrowest definition will include employer-provided benefits for accident, death, retirement, sickness or unemployment (Weathingtin and Tetrik, 2009). However, in order to better understand the employee benefits, it is important to cover all forms of employee benefits and compensation schemes used across the globe. The most frequently used employee benefit forms are as follows: 2. Payments for retirement plans and private insurance: These include costs of starting such plans and contributions in forms of payments or insurance premiums through alternative arrangements for funding (The British Psychological society, 2014). The government has set policies for providing benefits under various plans in case of personal loss. The personal loss covers the following aspects: 4. Extra payments to employees through cash. Other than bonuses and wages, cash payments are also provided to employees on the basis of performance. This category of benefits includes the following factors: Employee benefits and compensation packages have become a very common as well as necessary phenomenon for employees and workers in the 21st century. As a result of globalizations and increasing opportunities in work and career, workers and employees have started realizing their worth and have started demanding more from their employers (Dulebohn, et al., 2009). As a result companies have not integrated benefits and compensation system into their core management. As the economic environment is becoming more service oriented and work forces are becoming white collars, these employee benefits are naturally expected. The necessity of employee benefits is more for employers than for employees. In the current

Channels for Specific Audinece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Channels for Specific Audinece - Essay Example In addition, 33.1% of all households were composed of individuals living alone, of which 6.2% was someone 65 years of age or older. The average household size in Raleigh was 2.30 persons, and the average family size was 2.97 persons. Raleighs population in 2000 was evenly distributed with 20.9% below the age of 18, 15.9% aged 18 to 24, 36.6% from 25 to 44, and 18.4% from 45 to 64. An estimated 8.3% of the population was 65 years of age or older, and the median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.0 males; for every 100 females aged 18 or older, there were 96.6 males aged 18 or older.† (http://www.wikipedia.com). 1. Renters. There are no specific data about the population profile of renters. According to statistics renters have less annual income than home owners. The media chosen for renters are newspapers and more specifically the â€Å" News & Observer† which is the largest daily newspaper of Raleigh, â€Å"Carolina† which is a monthly newspaper distributed for free so it can reach a large audience and â€Å"Triangle Tribune† in order to reach the Afro-American community. The internet will also be used as media channel for renters and more specifically it will be the New Raleigh which focuses on night life, restaurants etc. TV will be also included and more specifically the WUNC-TV because it shows the popular EastEnders comedy on Sunday nights – a day that most people stay at home because Monday is a working day. 2. Women who are owners of small business. The restaurant will use newspapers for reaching this target group and more specifically all the free newspapers like Independent Weekly, Carolina Journal and The Slammer. Free newspapers have the advantage that they are distributed to areas where lots of people gather i.e. subways etc. The Slammer has the advantage that is available at local

Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Marketing Plan - Essay Example ignificance of the fast food industry and major factors forming and regulating the industry and the environment under which it experiences its slow but steady and unbroken growth. Location: Location and surroundings of a business place play the most pivotal part in the success or failure of a company. The location for the very first restaurant of this fast food brand is suggested to be selected beside the beautiful lake, seven miles away from the city, where this newly introduced fast food will be launched within few months. The main reason behind establishing this location for the restaurant includes the peaceful and serene atmosphere, which is particularly attractive and appealing to the families, friends, youngsters, lovers and children alike. Hence, the individuals belonging to every age and socioeconomic status will enjoy themselves to drive towards the restaurant offering multiple food and entertainment facilities under an ideal and healthy environment. Targeting & Segmentation of Customers: Since food industry is one of the fastest growing businesses of the contemporary era, targeting and segmentation of the clients and customers is the most imperative strategy for an entrepreneur. Since fast food is particularly appealing to every socioeconomic class as well as age-group, both young and old are the target customers for the restaurant. The restaurant will have to assure the hygiene of the product it offers to its customers, so that it can witness a constant growth for the future years to come. In addition, being a bit away from the commercial and residential areas of the city, the restaurant will have to assure the quality of its product along with presentation of it under a pleasant, eye-catching, jubilant and enjoyable atmosphere, so that the visitors cannot resist the charm it offers to them at their first visit. Nature of Food: The restaurant aims to offer egg rolls, burgers, pizza, fried chicken pieces, nuggets, French fries and other immediately

Features of Non-literary Translation

Features of Non-literary Translation Introduction Text Bankers bonuses: Caps on pay are no way to restore the financial system to health (text 1) and text Labour conference: Talking to itself (text 2) are quite different and at the same time share some common features. The title of text 1 suggests that the text is about cutting top-bankers salaries and its overall effect on the financial system of the country. Whereas, judging by the title, the subject matter of the second text is the results of the Labour party conference. The texts are both specialised, but the specialist fields differ: text 1 belongs to the field of business and economics and text 2 is a national political text. The last part of this essay will look at this aspect in detail; the first two will aim at the comparative analysis in terms of text type and purpose, register and readership, lexis and syntax; the third part will deal with potential translation problems aroused by certain lexical items. Abbreviations: ST source text TT target text BT back translation Text type and purpose, genre, register and readership As Hatim and Mason state, generally most texts are hybrid in their nature, but text purposes may only be viewed in terms of dominances of a given purpose or contextual focus (1990: 146). Text 1 is purely argumentative, while text 2 can be also called hybrid, as it comprises some features of narration (report on the Labour party conference held in September of 2009), but mainly argumentation. According to Hatim and Masons text typology, text 2 belongs to the type of the through-argument, which is citing the thesis and arguing it through (1990: 152). Indeed, the author at the very beginning states that the leading political party is separated from the British people and it is unlikely to be re-elected, because the public trust was lost, and then he proves that idea in each paragraph, making a conclusion at the end that Labour is not loved by public, therefore there is not too much hope for them to win the future elections. As for text 1, it can be classified as the counter-argumentativ e. At first, the author cites John Kenneth Galbraith, a very famous economist of the second half of the 20th century, who expressed his negative attitude to the bonuses system. Then in each paragraph he opposes that thesis by various arguments, giving examples of how that problem is solved in other countries and in the UK. Finally, he expresses his own opinion that the problem is very acute but legislation to cut bankers salaries is all wrong and another way out should be found by the British government in order to restore the financial system of the country. So the texts belong to the same text type (with the hint of hybridisation in text 2), meaning that their main function is persuasive. It is known, that the intention of the text represents the SL writers attitude to the subject matter (Newmark P. 1988:12). The notion of the text type is closely connected with the purpose of the text. Thus the authors of both texts aim at appealing to their addressees by promoting acceptance or evaluation of some ideas or concepts. Moreover, the choice of lexis in both texts is strongly determined by the authors intentions, text type and purpose: the texts are marked by the use of connotative words which immediately indicates the argumentative text type. Lexical features of the texts will be looked at in detail later. As a conventional text type that is associated with a specific communicative function (Munday J. 2001: 91-92) genres of the texts are also linked with their argumentative nature; especially text 2 which is an editorial from the online version of the Guardian newspaper (editorials usually have highly evaluative content and, as can be assumed, appellative purpose). Text 2, as a comment from www.timesonline.co.uk, is characterised by the persuasive function of the whole text with the little difference that it also performs, although not predominantly, an informative function, which is typical of the genre of a newspaper article. Register, as a variety of language that a language user considers appropriate to a specific function (Baker M. 1992: 15), always depends on intention, text type, genre and purpose of the text. Text 1 and 2 can be also compared in this sense meaning that the first text, as stated before, deals with problems in banking sector, so it belongs to the field of economics, whereas text 2 is clearly political. There is also a difference between two texts in terms of tenor: text 1 has a higher level of formality than text 2 as it is more specialised, while text 2 is less formal. Although in both texts the register is semi-formal. The texts are similar in the mode written to be read reflectively, because the authors aim at producing that kind of effect. As it was stated before, text 1 and 2 are from the national English newspapers which are ranked as highly authoritative sources. That is why their intended readership is, obviously, an educated public, presumably of middle or upper class, who reads that kind of newspapers. Although the distinction can be made here in terms of different fields of these texts: text 1 is addressed to the people who are able to understand and evaluate economical issues, whereas text 2 is mostly aimed at those who are interested in politics. Overall, the readership for both texts is quite the same: it entitles a great deal of cultural background knowledge and assumes a substantial, but not very specialised, knowledge of political, economical, historical and social life on its national and international levels. Lexis, grammar and syntax Lexical and syntactic features of both texts are determined by several important factors which are certainly interdependent. Firstly, because they are argumentative they are marked by the extensive use of connotative words, mainly negative in meaning: (text1) heady rewards'(line 4), public fury'(line 10), full-blown financial panic'(line 18), shed his troubles'(line 18), ambitious plan'(line 19), expresses dismay'(line 24), introduce distortions'(line 33), reform'(line 39), hobble the City'(line 40), landgrab'(line 42), bloated'(line 45) But in text 2 the connotative lexis is stronger than in the first one, again, because of its argumentative text type, editorial genre, authors appellative intention and persuasive function. (text 2) dreary apparatus'(line 3), speaking mournfully'(line 6), retrospective regret'(line 8), dogmatic enthusiasm'(line 13), helium-voiced theatricality'(line 22), cheeky self-referential game'(line 27), populist crackdown'(line 36), crusade'(line 39), inject passion'(line 35) The selection of words in terms of style is also different in two texts: text 2 is marked by the use of colloquialisms, together with more formal lexis: (text 2) smash down'(line 5), backward-looking'(line 10), what on earth'(line 20), boils down'(line 15), keep leadership alive'(line 10), drive the party further'(line 15), awful idea'(line 41), fell flat'(line 29), messy'(line 37) In this case such lexical choice depends a lot on highly persuasive effect the author aims at producing in the text. There is no doubt that the field of specialisation has strong influence on the language of the texts. Text 1 is about banking and economics, that is why there are many terms from this field: (text 1) boardroom'(line 4), chief executive'(line 5), corporation'(line 5), global economy'(line 11), banking sector'(line 8), recapitalise'(line 20), traders'(line 27), compensation schemes'(line 31), tax liabilities'(line 36), chairman'(line 43), economic case'(line 44), financial instability'(line 15) The following example illustrates another feature of economical texts, noun clusters, which are several nouns and adjectives to designate one single concept (Guadalupe Acedo Dominguez and Patricia Edward Rokowski, Ph.D., available at http://accuparid/Journal/21clusters.htm, last updated on 05.03/2003): (text 1) short-term trading profits'(line 29), risk-adjusted profits'(line 32) As for text 2, it is similar to text 1 in terms of the use of terminology, but this time the terms belong to the field of politics: (text 2) political conference'(line 3), ministers'(line 7), strategy'(line 10), electorate'(line 15), polling day'(line 19), speeches'(line 22), technocratic instrument'(line 42) The terms from other disciplines are widely used in both texts, again, because the fields of politics and economics are characterised by this feature: (text 1) policymakers'(line 11), capitalism'(line 25), code of conduct'(line 26), legislation'(line 33) (text 2) apparatus'(line 4), security state'(line 4), economic crisis'(line 12), recovery'(line 13), secure zone'(line 17), financial crisis'(line 35), populist'(line 36) Political texts are a part and/or result of politics, they are historically and culturally determined (Schà ¤ffner C. Strategies of Translating Political Texts, Text Typology and Translation, edited by Trosberg A., 1997: 119). This can also be said about economical texts. That is why both texts are abundant in culture-specific references (proper names, dates, personal, historical and geographical references): (text 1) John Kenneth Galbraith (line 4), the G20 (line 9), the City'(line 40), Mr Brown line 18), Angela Merkel (line 26), president Sarkozy (line 24), the incomes policies of the 1970s (line 34), Lord Turner Ecchinswell (line 43), the Financial Services Authority (line 43) (text 2) Labour (line 10), Gordon Brown (line 11), the Conservatives (line 16), Alistair Darling (line 21), Peter Mandelson (line 21), the City (line 36), Progress rally (line 43), 11 ministers (line 43), chancellor (line 24), business secretary (line 28) Texts 1 and 2 are both rich in figurative language, mainly metaphors and metonyms (influenced by their text type, purpose and field). For example, Newmark says that game metaphors are frequent in political texts (1991: 158), which can be shown by the example: (text 2) Lord Mandelson played with the hall, a cheeky self-referential game (line 26) Here Mandelsons speech is compared to a game, thus metaphorically establishing a comparison between one idea and another (Beard A. 2000: 19). Synecdoche, as a type of metonymy when the part stands for the whole, is used in the second text (face stands for the person): (text 2) convincing face of a crusade against the City (about Alistair Darling) (line 39) There are many other metaphors and metonyms in text 2: (text 2) age-old characteristic'(line 31), chase the prime minister'(line 19), left the country cold'(line 27), conference speaking mournfully to itself'(line 6), etc. Text 1 is not that rich in figurative language as text 2, because it deals with economical problems, still a few examples can be given: (text 1) bloated (financial sector)'(line 45), market award'(line 5), contaminating the wider economy'(line 16), hobble the City'(line 40) As far as grammar is concerned, in both texts such parts of speech as adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions and particles, emotive verbs are used extensively which is related to the argumentative text type conventions: (text 1) heady rewards'(line 4), widespread belief'(line 8), populist and fanciful schemes'(line 15), competitively'(line 17), likely'(line 10), ambitious plan'(line 19), commensurate penalty'(line 30), shed his troubles'(line 18), sought to rescue the global economy'(line 11), inveigh against'(line 11), expresses dismay'(line 24), insists'(line 27), are adept at inventing'(line 36), devoted themselves'(line 35), but'(line 21), however'(line 23) (text 2) dreary apparatus'(line 3), valedictory dispatches'(line 7), wrong'(line 16), feelgood therapy'(line 22), mutual distrust'(line 45), awful idea'(line 41), speaking mournfully'(line 6), helium-voiced'(line 22), fighting for their future'(line 7), cutting the party off'(line 5), smash down'(line 5), turned on the public'(line 18), indulged in'(line 22), fell flat'(line 29), demean'(line 32), certainly'(line 36), but'(line 6), still'(line 28), if'(line 19), only'(line 33), at least'(line 10) Both texts are marked by the use of active voice of verbs. It is linked to the authors intentions and the text purpose, when it is important to point out agents of the action (individuals, parties, groups, economies or countries) in order to appeal to the reader: (text 1) public furyreflects'(line 8), governments are outdoing'(line 13), Mr brown shed his troubles and sought to rescue'(line 18), Mr Browns notion never extended'(line 21), governments seen the opportunity'(line 23), search of profits generated large rewards'(line 29) (text 2) ministers are writing'(line 7), party feels'(line 8), the Conservatives would threaten recovery'(line 13), party made no attempt'(line 18), both men found it easier'(line 30) To achieve emphasis in meaning modal verbs are often used in both texts: (text 1) Gordon Brown could perform. (line 14), Mr Brown should not mistake'(line 41) (text 2) they should be fighting'(line 7), no minister should talk'(line 24), the debate should be had in public'(line 42) Transitivity of verbs also adds to their emphatic meaning: (text 1) cap bankers pay'(line 13), prevent financial instability'(line 15), recapitalise the banks'(line 20), seen the opportunity'(line 23) (text 2) smash down barriers'(line 5), left the country cold'(line 27), writing dispatches'(line 7), demean your opponents'(line 32), won an argument'(line 40) Mostly present and future tenses are used in both texts to show either the real state of things, the authors statements expressing their negative attitude or not very promising predictions: (text 1) And bankers are adept at inventing ways to minimize tax liabilities. (line 36) But legislation to cap bankers pay is not the answer. (line 33) (text 2) That is true, but only adds to the need to talk about the future. (line 33) The disadvantage is that it will drive the party further from the electorate. (line 14) Syntactic features of the text are certainly determined by the argumentative text type. Thus both text 1 and 2 do not have a very complex syntax. The average length of the sentences is medium. Text 2, being explicitly appellative, comprises more short sentences than text1: (text 2) He is right. (line 24) At least Labour now has a strategy. (line 10) He still knows what is needed. (line 28) There is certainly much to do. (line 36) The sentences are relatively simple. In those which are complex the main clauses and the subordinate clauses are connected with conjunctions or temporal adverbs. Conditional clauses are typical of the argumentative text type: they are used to reflect the authors opinion: (text 1) If employers wished to reward staff, they would do it in benefits rather than in cash. (line 34) (text 2) if you win the next election, what on earth do you want to do with the next four years? (line 19) The types of the sentences are determined by the argumentative text type of the texts: there are statements, rhetorical question and even imperative used for emphasis: (text 1) There is a problem in bankers pay. (line 29) It is not to hinder the banking sector from operating competitively. (line 16) Recall the incomes policies of the 1970s. (line 34) (text 2) At least Labour now has a strategy. (line 10) He is right. (line 24) if you win the next election, what on earth do you want to do with the next four years? (line 19) The word order in both texts is fixed, although there is a slight deviation from the English norm (subject + predicator + object + adjunct), when the time adjunct precedes the subject (in purposes of emphasising its meaning in the sentence): (text 2) Too late, Labour is trying to inject passion into its response to the financial crisis (line 35) On the textual level, both texts have much in common in terms of cohesive devices used for emphasis, opposition, contrast or reasoning, as they are markers of the argumentative text type. For example, adversative, temporal and continuative conjunctions used as connectors between sentences relate sentences, clauses and paragraphs to each other (Baker M. 1992: 190): (text 1 ) But it is easier for policymakers to inveigh against highly paid bankers (line 11) Other European governments have, however, seen the opportunity to propose tough new regulation. (line 23) And bankers are adept at inventing ways to minimise tax liabilities. (line 36) (text 2) At least Labour now has a strategy. (line 10) He spoke much of the time in the past tense, while Lord Mandelson played with the hall (line 26) That is true, but only adds to the need to talk about the future. (line 33) In text 2 parallelism is used emphatically as a perfect cohesive device to stress out Labours separation from the public (the structure from the topic sentence of the first paragraph is repeated but filled with the new content in the last paragraph): (text 2) still fences, scanners, identity badges and armed police. (line 4) Sitting inside its steel fence, Labour is asking why it is no longer loved. (line 46) Potential translation problems in text 1 Translating this text from English into Russian, a translator might experience some translation problems, connected with specialist and culture-bound terms and collocations used in the source text. For example: (ST) central bankers (line 9) (BT) heads of central banks. In Russian the constituents of this economic term cannot collocate and translated literally would sound wrong, thus the strategy of supplementation plus translation using related words is used. Another example of the problem connected with specialist terms: (ST) capital reserves (line 37) (BT) reserved capital In Russian this economical term is represented in a different form from the grammatical point of view: the word order and the parts of speech are changed. The translator should be careful in rendering this term accurately. In the following example the term is translated literally, because it represents an exact notion, suggested by Gordon Brown: (ST) new international financial architecture (line 21) In this case the potential translation problem of non-equivalence is solved but in order to do it the translator has to do some research on parallel texts in the target language. The translation problem can be aroused while translating the following jargon expression: (ST) cap bankers pay (line 13) (BT) limit bankers bonuses The English colloquial expression is translated by the more neutral Russian equivalent. This choice is determined by style and register conventions of the target language; in English the use of colloquial language in newspaper articles on serious political or economical issues is common, whereas in Russian a more formal expression is stylistically more appropriate. As Schà ¤ffner points out, texts with references to a wide range of cultural patterns of the society in question, including aspects of its economic, political and legal life, require a lot of background knowledge for a coherent interpretation(1997: 133). Consequently, the translating cultural words and collocations may pose difficulties for the translator. (ST) John Kenneth Galbraith (line 4) (BT) a famous economist, John Kenneth Galbraith It is necessary to use the strategy of supplementation plus explanation, because not all the readers in the target culture would be familiar with this European name. (ST) incomes policies of the 1970s (line 34) (BT) unsuccessful incomes policies of the 1970s in Britain Translating from English into Russian it is better to specify the result of the particular economic measures in Britain, as the term is clearly culture-specific and needs to be explained to the target reader. (ST) City bonuses (line 8) (BT) bonuses of the City of London Again, when this cultural reference is first met in the text it is necessary to explain which City the author refers to. (ST) Financial Services Authority (line 43) (BT) Financial Services Office The name of organisation will possibly cause a translation problem, especially if the translator is not an expert in the field of economics in the target language. There might be problems at the above word level: (ST) financial sector that is bloated (line 45) (BT) bloated financial sector According to Larson, the metaphor may be kept if the receptor language permits (that is, if it sounds natural and is understood by the readers) (1998: 279). In Russian it is possible to keep this metaphorical image. But the word should be put in the inverted commas not to make it sound colloquial in Russian. (ST) hobble the City (line 40) (BT) cause troubles for the City In English the meaning of this expression is idiomatic (to cause to limp). In Russian there is no idiomatic equivalent with the same meaning, that is why the translation strategy of paraphrase is used here. Moreover, in Russian it would be stylistically inappropriate to use an idiom in the text of semi-formal register published in the national newspaper. Although the translator should take into account the text type conventions. Thus the colloquial word in the inverted commas would be an option in the same type of argumentative text in the target language. Field of specialisation According to Desbalches communication pyramid, texts 1 and 2 can be positioned on the level 5, as they are produced by generalists in number of sciences and addressed to educated, interested general public (2001: 21). What makes these texts specialised is that they belong to certain specialist fields and that they are marked by the use of terminology specific to those fields. As it was stated before, the fields of specialisation in text 1 and 2 are different. Text 1 belongs to the field of banking which is a sub-field of business and economics. The language of the text, as in any text of economic discourse, is very specific: it relates to other fields such as politics and history, that is why not only specialist terms listed before are widely used but also many external terms can be found: (text 1) populist'(line 15) (historical), policymakers'(line 11) (political), code of conduct'(line 26) (legal), statute'(line 38) (political and legal), etc. An abundance of culture-bound references is an important feature of the language of economics. The cultural, personal, historical and geographical references occur frequently in the text: (text 1) Gordon Brown (line 14), the City (line 40), the Financial Services Authority (line 43), the incomes policies of the 1970s (line 34) Text 2 belongs to the field of politics. It is literary in style (as many other texts of the same field, especially those of the argumentative text type), that is why there are numerous examples of strong connotative and colloquial language: (text 2) bombast'(line 21), smash down (line 5), fell flat (line 29), awful idea (line 41), mutual distrust (line 45), technocratic instrument (line 42), messy (line 37), ingratitude (line 18), fighting for their future (line 7), sly jibes (line 31) Also the extensive use of figurative language is essential for political texts. The language in text 2 is marked by the use of metaphors and metonyms adding to the effect of emotiveness and evaluation: (text 2) two worlds in one town (line 3), crusade against the City (line 39); when it talks to people outside will it discover the answer (line 47) (about Labour); Lord Mandelson played with the hall (line 26); sitting inside its steel fence (line 46) (about Labour) Irony as a figure of speech, often found in political texts, is also used here: (text 2) It boils down to telling voters that they are wrong not to thank the government for the good things it has done. (line 15) Mr Darling enhances the government with a quiet reliability and he was well-mannered enough yesterday came not to point out that the prime minister came within hours of sacking him last June. (line 37) Both texts, as they belong to language-specific fields of politics and economics, comprise some concepts of abstraction: (text 1) public fury (line 8), individual (line 6), widespread belief (line 8), issue (line 10), new regulation (line 23), large rewards (line 30) (text 2) apparatus (line 4), strategy (line 10), separation (line 6), enthusiasm (line 13), decency (line 21) At last, text 2 can be addressed not only to the source language community, meaning that it has a wider political audience in mind (Schà ¤ffner C. 1997: 127). Bibliography Baker, M. (1992) In Other words, A Coursebook on translation. London: Routledge Beard, A. (2000) The Language of Politics. London: Routledge Desblache L. (2001) Aspects of Specialised Translation. Paris: La Maison Dictionnaire Guadalupe Acedo Domingez and Patricia Edward Rokowski, Ph.D, University of Extramadura, Spain (2002) Implications in Translating Economic Texts Translation Journal 6 (3). Available at http://accuparid/Journal/21clusters.htm, last updated on 05.03.2002 Hatim, B. and Mason, I. (1990) Discourse and the Translator. London: Longman Larson M. L. (1998) Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. New York: University Press of America Inc. Munday, J. (2001) Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. London: Routledge Newmark, P. (1991) About Translation. New York/London: Clevedon: Prentice Hall Newmark, P. (1988) A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall Europe Schà ¤ffner C. (1997) Strategies of Translating Political Texts, Text Typology and Translation [edited by Trousberg A.]. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 119-143

Operatic Melodrama in Apocalypse Now Essay -- Apocalypse Now Essays

Operatic Melodrama in Apocalypse Now The political and social unrest of the 1970s provided Hollywood with some of its most influential films, often stemming from unlikely sources; two decades after melodrama's heyday, the genre re-emerged in an original form that continues to affect modern filmmaking. The historical influences of Italian opera and Hollywood family melodramas spawned a type of film that has been described as "historical, operatic, choral or epic" (Greene 388). Filmmakers of the 1970s explored the traditional modes of melodramatic expression in order to address the socially charged times they lived in. Filmed in the wake of the Vietnam War, Francis Ford Coppola's Apocalypse Now is a complex treatise of human morality and modern warfare that expresses itself through melodramatic conventions. Coppola contained his war movie to the personal level, in order to make larger criticisms of the Vietnam conflict. The central narrative, based on Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, follows an Oedipal trajectory simila r to those found in many 1950's family melodramas. The surreal, and often ironic use of music provides a startling counterpoint to the actions on screen. The film is imbued with many of the representative motifs, such as sexual dysfunction and alcoholism, which are found in earlier melodramas. Apocalypse Now helped to establish a new film genre - the operatic melodrama - that combined the historical representations of classic melodramas with the raw spectacle of modern filmmaking. Although distinctive melodramatic traditions developed in multiple countries, the Italian model is the most similar to that of the 1970's epic. While some melodramatic traditions evolved through novels or the theatre, "in Italy, ... ... out of a 1950s woman's film. The melodramatic influences of the film continue to manifest themselves in the newer release, just as Apocalypse Now continues to influence the epic movies of contemporary filmmakers. The unison of operatic spectacle and personal conflict spawned an original genre in the 1970s that remains an effective method of addressing social concerns. As we enter another period of political unrest and social change, it is likely that a new wave of melodramatic films is beginning to form on the horizon; there are certainly parallels between a government that declares war on terrorism and the U.S. army in Vietnam, who "knew everything about military tactics, but nothing about where they were or who the enemy was" (Cowie 143). From Conrad to Coppola, nuclear family to nuclear terrorism; never get off the boat, unless you're willing to go all the way. Operatic Melodrama in Apocalypse Now Essay -- Apocalypse Now Essays Operatic Melodrama in Apocalypse Now The political and social unrest of the 1970s provided Hollywood with some of its most influential films, often stemming from unlikely sources; two decades after melodrama's heyday, the genre re-emerged in an original form that continues to affect modern filmmaking. The historical influences of Italian opera and Hollywood family melodramas spawned a type of film that has been described as "historical, operatic, choral or epic" (Greene 388). Filmmakers of the 1970s explored the traditional modes of melodramatic expression in order to address the socially charged times they lived in. Filmed in the wake of the Vietnam War, Francis Ford Coppola's Apocalypse Now is a complex treatise of human morality and modern warfare that expresses itself through melodramatic conventions. Coppola contained his war movie to the personal level, in order to make larger criticisms of the Vietnam conflict. The central narrative, based on Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, follows an Oedipal trajectory simila r to those found in many 1950's family melodramas. The surreal, and often ironic use of music provides a startling counterpoint to the actions on screen. The film is imbued with many of the representative motifs, such as sexual dysfunction and alcoholism, which are found in earlier melodramas. Apocalypse Now helped to establish a new film genre - the operatic melodrama - that combined the historical representations of classic melodramas with the raw spectacle of modern filmmaking. Although distinctive melodramatic traditions developed in multiple countries, the Italian model is the most similar to that of the 1970's epic. While some melodramatic traditions evolved through novels or the theatre, "in Italy, ... ... out of a 1950s woman's film. The melodramatic influences of the film continue to manifest themselves in the newer release, just as Apocalypse Now continues to influence the epic movies of contemporary filmmakers. The unison of operatic spectacle and personal conflict spawned an original genre in the 1970s that remains an effective method of addressing social concerns. As we enter another period of political unrest and social change, it is likely that a new wave of melodramatic films is beginning to form on the horizon; there are certainly parallels between a government that declares war on terrorism and the U.S. army in Vietnam, who "knew everything about military tactics, but nothing about where they were or who the enemy was" (Cowie 143). From Conrad to Coppola, nuclear family to nuclear terrorism; never get off the boat, unless you're willing to go all the way.