Senses Lesson Plan Essay -- essays papers

Senses Lesson PlanTOPIC The Five Senses OBJECTIVESKnowledge The students will understand the concept of the five senses that humans have. These five senses are touch, taste, sight, smell, and hearing. These senses make it possible for bulk to interact with others and get around in their daily lives. The bookman will name and observe the objects in mystery boxes by using touch only. The learner will identify and observe what various pieces of food are by using taste only. The learner will identify his or her surroundings, after macrocosm blindfolded and walked around the classroom. The learner will identify and observe the various smells of each object by using smell only. The learner will identify and observe various sounds made by the teacher using hearing only. Process Skills Communication- The learner will communicate with a partner his or her observations nigh each of the five sense activities. Prediction- Students will predict what is in the box by using their five sense s. Attitudes Students will enjoy the challenge of solving the exhaust of what is in the box, and learning about the five senses.N.Y.S. STANDARDS (M/S/T) 1, Students will use scientific inquiry to pose questions as to what is in the mystery box and search answers using their five senses. 4, Students will understand and apply scientific concepts about the senses pertaining to the physical setting and living environment through the realization that they use their senses in almost everything that they do.MATERIALS Mystery boxes objects in mystery boxes lemons oranges apples blindfolds cherry lotion peach gel grape soap heartbeat sound box maracas worksheet on observations system & TRANSITIONSAt the beginning of the session, the students will sit quietly in their desks, and they are asked to count to 10 and then start over. The students with the same number will build a group, mostly of two (about ten groups), and wait for further instructions from the teacher. Each group will pull away from the others and take turns coming up to the front station where the materials are set up. The groups will be competing to correctly guess what are in the boxes and what noises they hear (and the winners get can... ...2. Taste3. Sight4. savor5. Hearing (done as a class)Observations for the Five SensesName_______________ Date _____________________Directions List three observations for each of the five senses. Try to remember what we did in each activity. run across_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Taste___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sight_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Smell____ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hearing___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

James Forman :: essays research papers

James Forman           Last Wednesday the civil rights movement lost one of its most influential members to colon cancer. James Forman died January 10th he is survived by his son Chaka Esmond Fanon Forman. James was born on Oct. 5, 1928, he spent the early years on a farm in Marshall County, Mississippi, with his grandmother. The at the age of six his parents moved him to Chicago. In 1957 James graduated from Englewood High School, after high school he entered the Air Force and fought in the Korean War. After the war Forman transferred to Roosevelt University in Chicago after his second college semester at the University of California. He also became very alive(p) in student politics on campus before his graduation in 1957. Forman went on to graduate studies at Boston University, then returned to Chicago. After college James went on to work at the Chicago Defender were he reported the injustices done to dispirited people in the deep south.&n bsp    In 1960 he learned of black farmers being evicted off their land by white landowners because they registered to vote. James left Chicago to join a program sponsored by the Congress for Racial equating that provided help to the displaced farmers. In 1961 he joined The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, SNCC. One week after joining SNCC James was elected to its executive escritoire after just one week with the organization. James did a great job at SNCC he was an excellent critical thinker as tumefy as strategist that is why Julian Bond, chairman of the board of directors of the NAACP, said "that Forman the catalyst that turned SNCC into a fighting, militant organization." (Pride) Forman was just influential as Martin Luther nance and Rosa Parks. In 1963 Forman was the principal for the 1963 March on Washington and the Freedom Rides in which Blacks rode across the South to make sure buses were integrated as ordered by the courts. James also became one of the first major blacks leaders to demand reparations for slavery. He demanded 500 million dollars from white churches all across the States for their involvement in the Atlantic Slave Trade. Even later in his life James was still active in the civil rights community. In 1982 and lobbying against the trying on of Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork and the presidential campaign of former Ku Klux Klan grand wizard David Duke. He also traveled to Europe and Africa on behalf of the Black lynx Party and also planned a new march on Washington in 1982.

Truman Capotes In Cold Blood Essay -- In Cold Blood Essays

Many writers tradition exclusivelyy use their imagination to fabricate an evoke notwithstanding fictional story. Only their creativity and vision limit their writing. They can afford to neglect minor details because they do not base their stories on existent information. There existed a period when this was the only practiced style when writing a novel. However, Truman hooded cloak pioneered the nonfiction novel, as he called it, when he undertook the writing of In wintry linage. His book described the well-known murders of the Clutters, a model American family. Due to the fact that Capote was writing a factual account of the crime, he model it necessary to make his novel correct in even the smallest details. This proved to be a very difficult project, but his perseverance paid off. Capote made use of many literary techniques in order to grab the interest of his readers. He wanted his novel to be more than just a newspaper description of the crime. Finally, In nipping Blood w as a great success because it told a true story in an interesting way. Capote overcame a big milestone by discovering a way to write a nonfiction novel, which appealed to everyone. First, Capote knew that he was creating a new art form when he wrote his greatest work, In Cold Blood. He was a writer for the New Yorker, which gave him good practice in gathering important facts It took him six years to nail down this book because that is the amount of time that passed from the time the Clutters were murdered to the time the criminals were put to death. Truman Capote wanted his novel to be as close to the true facts as possible. He painstakingly gathered information from Holocomb, Kansas, the site of the murders, and various other settings. In reference to Capote?s obsession for accuracy, Gerald Clark wroteIn Cold Blood may have been written like a novel, but it is accurateto the smallest detail, ?immaculately factual? Truman publicly boasted.Although it has no footnotes, he could com pass point out to an unadorned sourcefor every remark uttered and every thought expressed. ?One doesn?t spend almost six years on a book, the point of which is factual accuracy,and then give way to minor distortions.?(358)Because Truman had to devote much of his time to the research and writing of this novel, he wanted to be thorough. He was so proud of his work that he dubbe... ...nentto every event, and the creative vision of an artist who can arrange his materials in such a manner that the reader is locomote to pity, terror, joy,and sorrow.(237)Capote proved his excellence in writing by maintaining a firm grasp on his reader?s attention. In conclusion, In Cold Blood was a pioneer novel because it combined journalism with fiction techniques. It was very difficult for Truman Capote to write this novel because he had to gather monumental amounts of data in order to make the book factual. Next, he needed to organize that data in such a way that it would be interesting to the read er. Secondly, Capote used many literary techniques such as flashback and dramatic irony to make his novel more interesting. Finally, this novel was very appealing to all people because it was based on a true crime. Edward Weeks wrote ?he is providing the readers with a high-minded aesthetic excuse for reading about a mean, sordid crime.(160)? This government agency that Capote provided people with an artistic account of the Clutter murders rather than a straightforward, newspaper one. Works CitedCapote, Truman. In Cold Blood. New York Vintage, 1965.

Marketing Image Culture :: Alan Liu Media Entertainment Essays

Marketing Image Culture As Alan Liu defines cool, it is a non-political protest in society, a gesture of ambivalent oppositionality. In Lius terms, cool is a cultural component of the information age, and can except exist and have meaning within the environment it protests. This essay seeks to explore the relationship image enculturation, marketing, and Alan Lius conception of cool. In a recent presentation he gave at New York University, Liu previewed his forthcoming book The Laws of Cool The Cultural Life of Information, which describes the importance of cool in the information age. To assist his explanation, he compares corporate culture to the Guayaki tribe of South America. Liu says that in 2 cultures there is a central problem, an unreasonable demand displace on some people that must be dealt with. As he opens his presentation, Liu makes an important point being a part of a community is both empowering and stifling. The demand placed upon the information age thespian is to retain productivity and remain valuable in the traditional find, while in the postmodern sense being flexible and decentralized. Workers must keep put in in their jobs to be productive, but also be able to excel at a liberal variety of working classs that often require a sectionalisation and restructuring of corporate structures, departments, teams, and tasks. For the Guayaki, the job of hunting parallels the demand of flexibility required of Lius information worker. Hunters are charged with the task of feeding their tribe, and sharing their wives, since Guayaki men outnumber women two to one. (I mention the latter condition because Liu made a point of it whether or non this aspect of Guayaki breeding represents normality or hardship was not communicate in Lius presentation.) Hunting in the forest with a bow and arrow requires a huge issue forth of skill, with dire consequences if unsuccessful, for the tribe will then not eat. In both primitive and technologically advan ced cultures, there exists what Liu terms mandatory and individual disempowerment. both hunters and information workers must defer to the will of their tribe. In response to stifling, both the tribesman and the information worker develop cool. The desire for flexibility and decentralization opens the gap surrounded by a culture and its people, says Liu. Cool is a technique for expressing that gap between a society and its people. In the case of the Guayaki, this technique involves singing a exceedingly personalized warrior song at nightfall, which essentially serves to arouse ego and ones sense of individuality.Marketing Image Culture Alan Liu Media Entertainment EssaysMarketing Image Culture As Alan Liu defines cool, it is a non-political protest in society, a gesture of ambivalent oppositionality. In Lius terms, cool is a cultural component of the information age, and can only exist and have meaning within the environment it protests. This essay seeks to explore the relatio nship image culture, marketing, and Alan Lius concept of cool. In a recent presentation he gave at New York University, Liu previewed his forthcoming book The Laws of Cool The Cultural Life of Information, which describes the importance of cool in the information age. To assist his explanation, he compares corporate culture to the Guayaki tribe of South America. Liu says that in both cultures there is a central problem, an unreasonable demand placed on some people that must be dealt with. As he opens his presentation, Liu makes an important point being a part of a community is both empowering and stifling. The demand placed upon the information age worker is to retain productivity and remain valuable in the traditional sense, while in the postmodern sense being flexible and decentralized. Workers must keep order in their jobs to be productive, but also be able to excel at a wide variety of tasks that often require a breakdown and restructuring of corporate structures, departments, teams, and tasks. For the Guayaki, the job of hunting parallels the demand of flexibility required of Lius information worker. Hunters are charged with the task of feeding their tribe, and sharing their wives, since Guayaki men outnumber women two to one. (I mention the latter condition because Liu made a point of it whether or not this aspect of Guayaki life represents normality or hardship was not addressed in Lius presentation.) Hunting in the forest with a bow and arrow requires a huge amount of skill, with dire consequences if unsuccessful, for the tribe will then not eat. In both primitive and technologically advanced cultures, there exists what Liu terms mandatory and individual disempowerment. Both hunters and information workers must defer to the will of their tribe. In response to stifling, both the tribesman and the information worker develop cool. The desire for flexibility and decentralization opens the gap between a culture and its people, says Liu. Cool is a technique for expressing that gap between a society and its people. In the case of the Guayaki, this technique involves singing a highly personalized warrior song at nightfall, which essentially serves to fuel ego and ones sense of individuality.

What Caused The Financial Crisis? Essay -- Economics

The roots of the financial crisis can be traced back to the property asset sing in the US between 1997 and 2006. This asset bubble was enab direct by a poorly regulated subprime mortgage industry and the assumption that property prices would continue to rise. The collapse of the property bubble and subsequent foreclosures led to many financial institutions suffering huge losses due to their exposure to the subprime market through a series of innovative and manifold investment vehicles. While these investments carried extra risk, they also gave the opportunity for massive short call returns, and the move to these riskier and more complicated financial investments may have been facilitated by a too big to fail mentality by many US financial institutions.The collapse of the property bubble and uncertainty in the markets led to a run by depositors and a sudden loss of funding for banks day to day activities. Due to the dependence of the interbank lending market for short term funding, these banks were unable to fund their day to day operations and some collapses, (Lehman Brothers) while others were bailed out by the US government (AIG). Such a loss of arrogance within the financial industry eventually led to banks operating a more cautious approach to lending and ensured a severe reduction in the availability of credit, both to other banks and consumers. I will look at the how subprime lending, assisted by expansionary macroeconomic policies and lenient regulatory supervision, eventually morphed into a plentiful financial crisis rather than the view that such crises are cyclical in open market economies and are part of the boom and bust characteristics of capitalism. Sub-prime Mortgages and the Building Blocks of the monetary Crisis... ...pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/dodd.htmCarmassi, J, Gros, P and Micossi, S. The Global Financial Crisis Causes and Cures. Journal of Common Market Studies. Vol.47, No.5, pp. 977-996, 2009. usable athttp//www.relooney.info/SI_FAO-As ia/Global-Crisis_23.pdfBlakenburg, S and Palma, J.G. Introduction the global financial crisis. Cambridge Journal of Economics. Vol.33, pp.531-539, 2009.Available athttp//cje.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/4/531.full.pdf+htmlOnline PublicationsInman, P. Easy money hits home with lenders facing 250bn losses. The Guardian Online, July 10th, 2007.Available athttp//www.guardian.co.uk/business/2007/jul/10/usnews.internationalnews1?INTCMP=SRCHBaldwin, R. excessive risk-taking by Banks. Wall Street Pit. Global Market Insight, April 9th, 2012.Available athttp//wallstreetpit.com/90959-excessive-risk-taking-by-banks

What Caused The Financial Crisis? Essay -- Economics

The roots of the financial crisis can be traced back to the belongings asset bubble in the US between 1997 and 2006. This asset bubble was enabled by a poorly regulated subprime mortgage industry and the assumption that property prices would continue to rise. The collapse of the property bubble and subsequent foreclosures led to many financial institutions suffering huge passagees due to their exposure to the subprime market through a series of modernistic and complex investment vehicles. While these investments carried extra risk, they also gave the opportunity for massive utterly term returns, and the move to these riskier and more complicated financial investments may cede been facilitated by a too big to fail mentality by many US financial institutions.The collapse of the property bubble and uncertainty in the markets led to a run by depositors and a sudden loss of funding for banks day to day activities. Due to the dependence of the interbank lending market for short term f unding, these banks were unable to fund their day to day operations and some collapses, (Lehman Brothers) while others were bailed out by the US government (AIG). Such a loss of confidence within the financial industry eventually led to banks operating a more cautious approach to lending and ensured a severe decrease in the availability of credit, both to other banks and consumers. I will look at the how subprime lending, assisted by expansionary macroeconomic policies and lenient regulatory supervision, eventually morphed into a full financial crisis rather than the view that such crises are cyclical in open market economies and are part of the boom and bust characteristics of capitalism. Sub-prime Mortgages and the twist Blocks of the Financial Crisis... ...pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/dodd.htmCarmassi, J, Gros, P and Micossi, S. The Global Financial Crisis Causes and Cures. diary of Common Market Studies. Vol.47, No.5, pp. 977-996, 2009.Available athttp//www.relooney.info/SI_FAO-As ia/Global-Crisis_23.pdfBlakenburg, S and Palma, J.G. Introduction the global financial crisis. Cambridge Journal of Economics. Vol.33, pp.531-539, 2009.Available athttp//cje.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/4/531.full.pdf+htmlOnline PublicationsInman, P. Easy money hits home with lenders facing 250bn losses. The Guardian Online, July 10th, 2007.Available athttp//www.guardian.co.uk/business/2007/jul/10/usnews.internationalnews1?INTCMP=SRCHBaldwin, R. Excessive risk-taking by Banks. Wall Street Pit. Global Market Insight, April 9th, 2012.Available athttp//wallstreetpit.com/90959-excessive-risk-taking-by-banks

Modularity in Development

Modularity is found in all facets of life and is very important in the biological evolution of an organism. Simon (1962)(in gigabyte, 7th ed.) argued that modularity is important in nature for the design and description of complex systems at all trains. He gave the example of two matchmakers to explain how modularity is important in the stable development of complicated system.Living beings are not composed of hierarchies. Each entity is an organized array of constitutive(prenominal) modular move, and at the same time, the constituent of a larger module. (Gilbert S., 7th ed.) These modules interact among themselves to form a larger coherent module. An evolutionary module is characterized as a unit that functions as an individual in respect of three processes of replication, interaction and evolution. (Lewontin (1970), in Bolker, 2000)One level in which modularity is clearly seen is in the later stages of embryonic development. According to Bonner (1988, in Gilbert 1998, pp.172) , Modularity is associated with gene nets that can participate in many different aspects of development. This happens with discrete and interacting modules. Klingenberg has defined modules as units that are internally coherent by complicated interactions of their parts, but are relatively autonomous from other such units with which they are connected by fewer or weaker interactions. (Klingenberg, 2002)Modules are, therefore, said to be individualized units crash from their surroundings. Raff listed the characteristics of developmental modules in his definition. He said that modules must possess certain discrete specification, hierarchical organization, interactions with other modules, a particular physical location deep down a developing organism, and the ability to put up with transformations on both developmental and evolutionary time scales. (Raff 1996, qtd. in Bolker, 2000) He explained that modules are dynamic entities which represent place processes as seen in morphogen etic fields rather than simply incipient structures kindred organ rudiments.Modules are found to have external connectivity along with internal integration. So, modules forget for the three processes of dissociation, duplication and divergence, and cooption. (Raff 1997, qtd in Gilbert, 1998) Dissociation lets one module change without affecting other modules and that, in turn, permits heterochrony. Dissociation also allows allometry, letting different parts grow at different rates.The principles of duplication and divergence are seen in the variations of themes produced by morphogenetic fields. These are seen in different sizes and shapes of teeth, and the difference in hind subdivision and forelimb. Modularity also permits cooption, such that the same module can create both, jaws in fishes and mammalian middle ear cartilage. (Gould 1990, in Gilbert 1998)Modules can also undergo developmental and evolutionary change separately from other modules. The signaling interactions within modules over a distance are carried out by morphogens (Neumann, Kersberg, Ferguson, Gudon and Bouiillot, qtd. Klingenberg, 2002) These are proteins of families like FGF, hedgehog, Wnt or TGF-?, or molecules like retinoic acid. These are termed as panacrine factors. These factors stimulate the transcription factors in cubicles through the signal transduction cascades between them.This brings about a input signal of a specific feature or factor in the cells in a module. Each module in an embryo makes a different level of a living entity. E.g. a cell is a part of tissue and organelles are parts of cells. Organelles must function to make a coherent cell and cells must function to make a coherent tissue. Modular units lets different parts of the embryo develop without interfering with other units. So development occurs through discrete and interacting modules.According to Keller (1986) (in Bolker, 2000), the best-characterized module is the dorsal marginal zone (DMZ) of the Xenopus ga strula. It fulfills all the necessary criteria for a module. It can be physically isolated from the quiet of the embryo and still undergo shape change, so it can be said that convergent extension is intrinsic to DMZ the force-generating function is uniquely localized to DMZ all cells within the DMZ interact to produce overall shape change and lastly, this region can be identified in other amphibian embryos and related fish, like sturgeon.Other modules, apart from morphogenetic fields, are imaginal discs, like the wing imaginal disc of Drosophila cell lineages like inner cell throng or trophoblast, insect parasgments, and vertebrate organ rudiments, somites, rhombomeres in flies, RTK-Ras or Wnt, or IP3 pathways are also considered to be developmental and evolutionary modules.Katherine Anderson first discovered a morphogenetic determinant i.e. an mRNA for the snake protein in her laboratory of Cristiane N?sslein Volhard. She rescued eggs from homozygous snake mothers by injecting t hem with small amounts of cytoplasm from wild eggs. (Gilbert, 1998) kinda of an entire dorsal cuticle being developed, the dorsoventral pattern was restored in them. They also carried out experiments on Drosophila. They showed that a morphogen could be stored as mRNA, but it could be localized to a region of cytoplasm.Modules can associate with other modules in new ways. Examples at molecular level are proteins like ?-catenin, which can be either a part of Wnt pathway or a cell adhesion factor. At cellular level, the Hedgehog module, which is used to make a allowance in insect blastoderm, is later used in making eyespots of the wing (Keys et al 1999, in Gilbert, seventh ed.). Buffering of modules is also seen, e.g. the double assurance of Spemann (1927) (in Gilbert, 7th ed.)Modules trick an important role in evolution. Evolutionary biologists consider modules as sub-units or components of a larger system. Averof and Patel (1994) showed that the pattern of Ubx and abd-A Hox gene e xpression correlates with the presence or absence of the modification of thoracic limbs and feeding maxillipeds.(Gilbert, 1998) The maxillipeds form only when the genes are inactive. In vertebrates, the distinction between cervical and thoracic vertebrae, and that between cervical and lumbar vertebrae is negotiate by Hox genes. This is apart from the main role in development. Thus, modular units play important parts in an embryo.Works CitedGilbert, Scott. Modules Key Pieces in the Integration of developmental and Evolutionary Biology. Chapter 23. Developmental Biology. Seventh Edition. OnlineKlingenberg, Christian P. 2002. Integration, modules, and development molecules to morphology to evolution. OnlineBolker, J.A. 2000. Modularity in Development and Why It Matters to Evo-Devo. American Zoologist, 40770776, 2000. OnlineGilbert, Scott F. 1998. Conceptual Breakthroughs in Developmental Biology. ledger of Biosciences, 23, No. 3, Sep 1998, pp. 169-176. Indian Academy of Sciences. On line

Coulomb’s Law Essay

ABSTRACTPerforming this experimentation testament all toldow one to investigate the relationship quantitative relationship between the electrostatic press and the distance between charged objects. First a simply observation was made of the electrical forces on two pieces of tape taking note of their attraction and repulsion. This same phenomenon was observed in the experimentation of two charged spheres. Furthermore the we used this experimentation to incur the magnitude of the electrical force between charged objects through video analysis. Derived from our data we have resulted that the forced acting is dependent upon the distance for the forces to act at an exponential rate of .04microcoulombs.OBJECTIVEWe will note coulombs law by observing examination of forces in static equilibrium to determine the magnitude of the electrical force between charged objects.PROCEDUREUsing the Logger Pro we track the electrostatic force between two charged spheres and the magnitude generated b y the repulsion.RESULTSData was not signed but sent to Doctor Wijesinghe upon completion in lab with analysis of results found. Synopsis sent was agreed to by all lab members.DATA ANLYSISFrom the data gather we seen that the force generated increases exponentially at rate of 0.04microcoulombs. The intial data was to dissect the distance the spheres moved due the forces acting upon them in by allowing X to be the hanging sphere and X2 to be the probing sphere in a distance field in of 1m. To calculate this entertain the following equations were used Fe=Kq1xq2/r2Abs(X)-Abs(X2)= CCFe=mg sinsin=x/lFe=mgx/lDISCUSSIONThe force will be dependent upon the sizes of the charges, and their separation. In fact the force follows an inverse square law, and is very similar in form to Newtons Law of common Gravitation. It is known as Coulombs law. The form is exactly the same as Newtons law of universal gravitation in particular, it is an inverse-square law. This force can be attractive or repuls ive.The magnitude of the force can be calculated by this equation, and the direction should be obvious from the signs of the interacting charges. (Actually, if you include the signs of the charges in the equation, then whenever you get a negative answer for the force, there is an attraction, whereas a positive answer indicates repulsion).Although the law is formulated for point charges, it works equally soundly for spherically symmetric charge distributions. In the case of a sphere of charge, calculations are done assuming all the charge is at the centre of the sphere. In all realistic cases, the electric force between 2 charges objects absolutely dwarfs the gravitational force between them.

Much ado about nothing presentation of women in the play

In the play the way the characters Interact with each other(a) Is somewhat dependent on class, however largely dependent on gender. A general theme in the play is that the male characters often enamor the wo hands as deceivers trust none and most expect them to cheat, resulting in small-army a Joke based on becoming a cuckold. The plot, women being slandered by evil-makers whose lover or husband is led to believe she has been unfaithful to him can give us an idea of Shakespe argonan view (someone who lived In a beau monde where women were submissive to men) as he uses a similar plot again in three more plays including Othello.In Shakespearean comedy there is always confusion, in this suit with many mistakes, but ends with it being put back to dismayher again (at a wedding) reinforcing that a stereotypical man should have a cleaning charwoman at his side. When looking at the presentation of women in the play, the two significant female characters Beatrice and torpedo, appea r to be on the opposite side of the stereotypical spectrum. Beatrice, possibly the most intriguing character in the whole play, speaks and behaves with more than usual freedom.She Is unique as she non only possess a brain, but delights in the use of it, presenting a challenge to all the ale characters. She behaves far from the typical Elizabethan woman emphasized in ACTA scenes where in response to Elongates wish for Beatrice to get wed she proclaims she will not be fitted with a husband till god make men of some other mettle than earth. In complete contrast, champion does not take Beatrice advice to wait and let him be a handsome fellow, she Is completely submissive to her fuck off and doesnt even get to respond In the play.As the indorser can see, marriage Is a central part of the play and the way the characters approach marriage can give us a real perceptiveness into the presentation of women. I have already mentioned Beatrice talks about being fitted with a husband, this is a notion which suggests that in the play marriage was seen as the woman giving herself to the man. When Beatrice professes her love for Benedict he says that he will stop her mouth with a kiss, showing a man expects to almost tame a woman and she Is expected to be submissive to him.The idea of a woman being completely submissive to their husband Is presented when Hero and Ursula eviscerate Beatrice wild inspirit to be caught for Benedict. This suggests that she is now at Benedicts disposal and has almost become his pet. Des hell on earthe Beatrice reversal in her views on marriage, she had to be tamed to conform to society. Hero however, who is pictured as the model women in the play, is quite happy to marry Claudio despite being wooed by tangle with Pedro.This presents the socially accepted women as people who are almost thankful to be noticed by men and are quite happy to agree to any proposal they might have. The contrast betwixt Hero and Beatrice highlights the effect o f a dominant male in Elizabethan society. Hero has to conform to her father who insists she get married. However, Beatrice does not have a father present in Messing at the time and therefore is not under pressure to marry a man leaving it up to her own discretion.This highlights how women are presented as the object which fathers use to Increase the social standing position all men that see women as objects. Claudio uses the metaphor rotten orangeness to describe Hero. In todays society one would expect the orange would represent her beauty on the outside and the sweetness of her character on the inside. However, as she was described as rotten, the inside of the orange for Claudio represented Heros chastity. This suggests that the most important thing for a man was a womans beauty and chastity not her character, reinforcing the presentation of women as objects.As does the fact that Don Pedro wooed Hero and then after winning Hero over passed her over to Claudio as if it did not m atter that she has been tricked. Women as deceivers Margaret Links to not having a father Links to cuckolding , perhaps showing us how it was an accepted thing for women to be almost controlled by their father and even for them to dictate to whom a women would get married to (as if the father uses their daughter of a way of increasing the social tanning of their family name).This is slightly ironic as later in the play Beatrice herself is verbalise to be caught for Benedict by Hero and Ursula after they compared her spirit to a haggard of the rock and she decides to bind their love in a holy band, both(prenominal) the catching of an animal and a band suggests that the marriage may be restrictive and she will be tamed and domesticated by Benedict as Hero is by her father.Beatrice reversal stems from over hearing a conversation where she finds out that her wit seems not to be appreciated mock me into air. She is forced to liaise that it is not the way other women think she should behave and it doesnt gain her popularity no glory lives behind the back of such for behaving in this manner.The tone taming my wild nerve in which she speaks in what may be called her speech of reversal suggests that she understands this is the right way for a women to live her life and the very fact that she is thinking about marriage holy band even before it is confirmed that Benedict is actually in love with her suggests that for women in the play/at that time it was their crowning(prenominal) goal to get married and all the dottiness about remaining a bachelor was a mask to cover up their true feelings hence the abatement she feels when she finds out Benedicts love and possibly explains why their exchange at the masked ball was so fiery and aggressive, to cover (as a mask does) up their underlying love and wish to be married like society (Leona and Antonio) suggests. Despite previously saying that one could burn him at the stake and his views would remain, Benedict speedily changes heart to, the world must be peopled. However, Benedicts speech is written in prose and is very matter of fact l will be horribly in love with her. Unlike Beatrice where it is more romantic, showing how women are presented to be slightly softer romantics but it is the men if I do not take pity on her I am a villain who are expected to take in the woman. Throughout the play we also get a sense that the men see the women as deceivers l will not do them the wrong to mistrust any, I will do myself the right to trust none and almost expect them to cheat, shown by the fact that instead of a cuckold being a suggesting that it is somewhat a certainty that a wife will be unfaithful.When the bastard Don John, who is a self-professed plain-dealing villain slanders Hero, they re very quick to come up with the plan to disgrace her in social movement of the whole congregation, not try and speak with her and find out whether the allegations even have substance. The fact that Don Pedro and even Claudio (who was going to marry Hero) almost immediately believes in Don John (someone who admitted you may think I love you not) and even starts planning his revenge (possibly showing how the most important factor for a man was a womans chastity due to the extreme nature of his revenge) on Hero shows that although it was a surprise it wasnt something which shocked the men and by agreeing to go to the window in the evening gives us he impression that they are expecting the evening to confirm what they have Just been told.The fact that the Claudio is so quick to entertain the idea that Hero has been unfaithful (foreshadowed in the party scene,) and men are so worried about becoming a cuckold could stem from marriages not possibly pith as more than in comparison to what they mean today. After all, it was Don Pedro that actually wooed Hero. This links to the fact that although the men often see the women as deceivers, the women (in this case Hero) seem to have to put up with th e fact that Hero was manipulated by two men. Although, Hero seemed to be happy about the whole thing (or had to be under the influence of her father) again further suggesting that it was a womens goal to get married and it didnt particularly matter who it was to, Don Pedro or indeed Claudio.This suggests that it was somewhat a career option for a women hence why they may appear to become domesticated and this could also link to why men are so worried about being cuckolded because the pair decided to get married quickly marry her tonight without actually knowing each other rightfully well. Claudio describes Hero as a Jewel, something which looks wonderful and is radar to find, by using a metaphor and describing her in this why suggests that Claudio may see Hero as an object to admire and possess, rather than someone to love. The fact that when he is denouncing her at the wedding he describes her as a rotten orange, you may think that an orange would be used to describe her beauty on the outside and her sweetness on the inside although actually the inside refers to her chastity once again showing us that looks and chastity are, in the eyes of men, more important than soulfulnessality.Although, in response to how quick Claudio lives in the allegations, another interpretation may be that Shakespeare do his characters worried about others the prince woes for himself deceiving or betraying them no matter what gender and are Just generally susceptible to being caught out by a mischief maker shown when Don John manages to convince Claudio that he has heard Don Pedro swear his affection for Hero, this is a method Shakespeare used for comedic purposes. During the play it becomes apparent that a man places a great deal of importance on a womans Chastity. Leona berates do not pop thin eyes Hero to the very tear down where he wishes her dead and wishes that she as not from his blood so he could say no part of it is mine. The metaphor where he says she has fallen into a pit of ink and there isnt enough drops of water in the sea to clean her emphasis that it is the highest of almost all offences.However, when the full story transpired and it became clear that it was in fact Margaret who and therefore different rules were applied for a different class of woman, suggesting that Chastity was a must in an upper class woman yet for men and woman of the lower classes it was more acceptable to entertain someone before marriage if they even get married at all. Although, the fact that Broacher, the very person that deceived the princes is the person that proves Margaret was not aware of the plot shows that even a lowly male servant, who has committed a terrible crime still has the status in society to prove that Margaret was innocent. In the play it is not even mentioned that Margaret is at the wedding. As she does not speak up, it is either clear that she was not present or simply she would not be believed due to her gender and social standing.However, in Kenneth Branch film Margaret was present and the actor interpreted her face to look horrified, perhaps for Hero but also maybe suggesting that even a woman of lower class would find it horrific for her actions to come out in front of all the people present. Conclusion modern interpretation better but still gender gap. Coalescence OF MARGE-RAT AND URSULA?class Leona- dogberry CONCLUSION One of the most arouse ideas in the play is that the traditional couple are perhaps not really in love, but the odd couple are. Beatrice most horrible banknote in play I. E market place The fact that a woman says it may show that actually woman are not much different to men who go off and fight a war it is Just society that stops them from doing it

Laughter Is the Best Medicine Essay

I. IntroductionA. Humour has good healing power and it is good for you.B. Dr. Lee Berk and fellow researcher Dr. Stanley Tan of Loma Linda University in California involve been studying the effects of laughter on the immune dodging. C. To date their published studies have shown that laughing lowers blood pressure, reduces stress hormones, increases muscle flexion, and boosts immune function by raising levels of infection-fighting T-cells, disease-fighting proteins called Gamma-interferon and B-cells, which produce disease-destroying antibodies. D. Laughter also triggers the release of endorphins, the bodys natural painkillers, and produces a general sense of well-being. E. Laughter is the best medicine.II. Body reassure morelaughter is the best medicine articleA. Laughter activates the Immune System.1. First sub pointa. In their study, the physiological response produced by swell laughter was opposite of what is seen in classical stress, supporting the conclusion that mirthful lau ghter is a eustress state a state that produces healthy or plus emotions. Research results indicate that, after exposure to humor, there is a general increase in activity within the immune system. b. An increase in da Gamma interferon, which tells various components of the immune system to turn on. c. An increase in the number and activity level of natural killer cells that attack viral infected cells and some(a) types of cancer and tumor cells. d. An increase in activated T cells (T lymphocytes).There are many T cells that await activation. Laughter appears to tell the immune system to turn it up a notch. e. An increase in the antibody IgA (immunoglobulin A), which fights upper respiratory tract insults and infections. f. An increase in IgB, the immunoglobulin produced in the greatest measure in body, as well as an increase in Complement 3, which assistants antibodies to pierce dysfunctional or infected cells. The increase in both substances was not only present while subjects w atched a humor video there also was a lingering effect that continued to show increased levels the contiguous day. B. Laughter decreases stress hormones.2. First sub pointa. The results of the study also supported research indicating a general decrease in stress hormones that constrict blood vessels and suppress immune activity. These were shown to decrease in the study group undefendable to humor. b. Laughing is aerobic, providing a workout for the diaphragm and increasing the bodys ability to use oxygen. c. Laughter brings in positive emotions that can enhance not replace conventional treatments. d. Hence it is another tool available to help fight the disease. Experts believe that, when used as an adjunct to conventional care, laughter can reduce pain and aid the healing process. For one thing, laughter offers a powerful distraction from pain. e. In a study published in the Journal of Holistic Nursing, patients were told one-liners after surgery and before painful medication were administered. Those exposed to humor perceived less pain when compared to patients who didnt get a dose of humor as part of their therapy. Perhaps, the biggest benefit of laughter is that it is free and has no known negative side effects.III. ConclusionA. some of us feel awkward in joking in front of terminally ill patients. Many may even consider it inappropriate or insensitive. However, it has been known scientifically that the best thing you can do to your friends is to provide a humorous environment and let them forget about their condition. Sitting and feeling sorry for their condition will not help them much. B. Laughter really is the best medicine.Sources* http//www.holisticonline.com/Humor_Therapy/humor_therapy_benefits.htm * -Top of contrive

A critique of a film

Day by day, it is increasingly more difficult to maintain safety in our society, since interactions amid people create dangers, either at high political level, or on the daily basis.We live not in the no-mans-land, so people prepare to new conditions and changing situations. Still, there are those, who cannot accept this environment and who, probably, cannot be accepted. Being busy with our education and careers, we simply have no time to recall carefully about the hidden threats of the environment, which can be really aggressive, and even destruct our bodies.In the movie Safe, hum White (Julianne Moore) lives with her husband and stepson in a comfortable suburban home in California. Her life is completely predictable, and in spite of the fact that she has relationship with her husband, she begins feeling isolated and then drained and depressed.Mysteriously, she falls ill with weird symptoms she experiences nose bleedings, dizziness and allergies, and doctor attri simplyes it t o stress. Having passed different tests, she understand that there is nothing physically wrong with her, that nevertheless she takes medication and changes her diet, acquiring of the all-fruit diet and cutting back diary products.When her condition doesnt go away, she gets a recommendation to visit psychiatrist. The problem with her mind is a reason for the illness. Carol finally understands the necessity, which requires of her to go to a place, where people who suffer from toxic allergies and those with AIDS can clean themselves, and, probably, the only place where she can feel safe.As the plot develops, it becomes trenchant that the treatment, received at hospital, is improper and probably, only worsens the situation. Hayness idea was to show the powerlessness of traditional medical science against new illnesses, caused by external irritants, but destroy humans from inside. In the film, Carol combats a real ten-headed hydra, which responds to the new treatment courses with new p ainful fits of allergy.Carol drives her car and endures a coughing fir she breathes in her new perfumes and feels lightheadedness. Aerobic classes, which pursue a goal of helping her relax, are initially doomed to be unsuccessful she has never had tension in her life, she has never had close relations, so there was no ground for either extremely positive or extremely negative emotions in her life. Thus, she cannot relax, because she never experiences stresses in plain medical meaning.Moreover, the medicaments Carol receives are irritants, as they also consist of toxins or other synthetic substances. On the contrary, Dunning chooses a different direction and creates some course of cult, or community with certain beliefs, values and philosophy. People living there find there attachment and new system of coordinates, in which it is possible to visualize their illness and cope with related inner problems.It is possible to notice that by the end of the movie, she becomes increasingly more shattered, and probably her sickness breaks her and makes her re-evaluate the relationships which had existed in her life in front she fell ill. She has a husband, bad hasnt given birth to children, because Carol endures the existence of a domestic plant, which should be carefully watered and supplied with the necessary nourishment, but whose opinion weighs like any plants opinion.It is possible to note that her first steps were determined (or, at least, highly influenced) by her husband. To my view, her sickness is a force which makes her re-think her existence and understand that she had had only mechanical relationship with her husband, who even doesnt try to understand her and empty conversations with her friends, carpenter and drycleaner.The scene, which reinforce her sense of nobodiness is wiz where she looks at her husband from the bed and asks Where am I? At the moment?. He answers that she is in Carol and Gregs house, but she begins to cry, because this lush house ha s never belonged to her as well as her own life.

Tesco Porter 5 Forces

1. 5(+1) Porters forces. The threat of substitutes Food retail industry at first seems easy to substitute, but in truth the swelled markets be the ones who state the prices in the market, thus for such large chains like Tesco the threat of substitutes is meek as due to high gear demand it manages to offer high quality products at low costs.Moreover, Tesco has already started to focus on opening express stores and this creates even more barriers for the substitutes to enter the market. The threat of entry Tesco takes part among 15 largest worlds retailer chains.There are a few factors which determine that the threat of a new entrant is fairly low ascrib satisfactory to economies of scale, Tesco offers goods at lower prices. For new entrants it is complicated to achieve this level of sales so that selling at the same level of prices would become profitable.Therefore, a large investment is a necessity. The access to supply and distribution channels is non c omplicated, but the demand of products is non high by new entrants and not exclusively products would be acquired at the same price as Tesco and other markets leaders acquire. Although, products are not differentiated in a nutriment retail industry and therefore customer loyalty is not high. The power of buyers Food retail industry is not differentiated, but standardized one which makes the customers tended to form from one brand to another as switching costs are very low. Though, the buyers are not concentrated and every client is responsible for undecomposed a small amount of sales, but Tesco still manages to win a large share of clients by offering products at low costs. The power of suppliers By ranking among the largest worlds retailer chains Tesco has enough control over suppliers. Tesco places large orders and takes an serious role in every suppliers business this way at a certain level controlling the prices. Moving from one supplier to another is not an expensive issue for Tesco, but the needs of clients should be also taken into consideration, which does not provide full access to control the suppliers. Competitive rivalry interpreted into the consideration the worldwide market, Tesco has some competitors, including the discounters Aldi and Lidl and when it comes the economic recession those retailers win the market share by offering goods at low prices when the quality of goods becomes not that important for the customers. Similar size of the largest retailers and no differentiation of the products offered make the competition even more intense as customers are switching between the brands easily. Public agency power Public authority role in this case plays a limited role.This can appear on certain products which can be not admitted in one or another country but usually can be changed by another good. Although, public authorities are able to control the prices of products and set a cap, but this will be valid for all the competitors and for a large retailer it this will not create some(prenominal) barriers.

IAS 18 Revenue Recognition

Introduction This assignment features the recognition and measurement of revenue depending on the source of revenue in accordance with the commissariat of foreign Accounting Standards (IAS) 18 taxation. I researched the topic and defined the special purposes of the assignment first of all, it is important to know the main concepts of IAS 18, in addition to learn the rules by victimization this particular regulatory modelling, and to get knowledge about writing the report at all. The Report To Managing DirectorFrom Student A Regarding IAS 18 Date 3/11/2011 Introduction to the Report The Conference on International Accounting Standard (IAS) 18 Revenue was held to introduce the concepts of the regulatory framework of monetary coverage and to represent the given information in convenient use of practice. The objective of IAS 18 is to prescribe the accounting treatment for revenue arising from certain types of transaction and events (Summaries of International financial Reporting Standards, 2001). Key definitionAccording to International Accounting Standard Committee (IASC) the Framework Revenue is income that arises in the course of ordinary activities of an opening move and is referred to by a variety of different names including sales, fees, interest, dividends and royalties (IASC, 2000). So revenue is one of the most important indicators of accounting. It is a key factor of the profit, its assessment helps to build many financial indicators on the profitability of the activities of the organization, as thoroughly as return on investment.A key issue when recording revenue is to define the moment of its recognition. Revenue is accept if it is likely that the organization will receive scotch benefits in the future, and these benefits enkindle be reliably measured. IAS 18 specifies conditions where these criteria ar met and at that placefore the revenue recognizes. This standard also provides practical advice on the application of those criteria. Me asurement of Revenue In accordance with IAS 18 revenue is usually determined by agreement between the supplier and the customer or user of the asset.This means that it is measured at fair value consideration, which the family has received or receivable trade discounts and volume rebates provided by the enterprise are taken into the amount. The standard defines fair value as the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, unstrained parties in an arms length transaction. (IASC, 2000) As the fair value is often expressed in monetary terms, the revenue will be the amount that the high society has received or receivable. This problem occurs when the incoming payment is deferred.In this case the present value of the payment will be less than its cause value. So IAS 18 introduced the following requirement the company must be discounting. In such circumstances all future receipts should be discounted using the imputed interest rate. The second problem in recognizing the revenue arises in cases when the company offers its clients discounts for fast calculation. To comply with the requirements of IAS 18, discounts for fast payment should be measured at the eon of the sale and deduct from the revenue.In cases when there is an exchange for goods or run similar in nature, cost of revenue does not arise. When exchanging a variety of goods, revenue is measured at fair value of the goods or services received, minus the amount transferred to cash or cash equivalents. Revenue recognition Revenue is recognized with paying attention to the certain points the convincing evidence of an agreement with a customer, the delivering goods and the rendering of services. Sale of goodsThere are following criteria to recognize revenue from the sale of goods * Significant risks and rewards associated with ownership of the goods passed from the vender to the buyer * The company no longer participates in the management of the property, s old goods and it does not beat control over them * The amount of revenue can be reliably assessed * Costs that should be suffered relating to a transaction can be measured reliably * There will be probable economic benefits for the enterprise as a resultant role of this operation. Rendering of servicesWhen the outcome of a transaction involving the rendering of services can be reliably estimated, revenue from the sale of services is based on the level of completion of the transaction at the balance sheet date. The outcome of a transaction can be measured reliably when * The amount of the transaction can be reliably assessed * There will be probability to get economic benefits for the enterprise as a result of this operation * Level of completion of the transaction at the balance sheet date can be assessed * Costs that should be suffered relating to a transaction can be measured reliably.Revenue from the provision of goods and all services is only recognized when the amounts to be recognized are fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured (Elliot B. , Elliot J. , 2007) Interest, royalties and dividends IAS 18 considers the accounting procedure of potential components of revenue organization primarily from transactions involving the sale of goods, rendering of services, as well as through other organizations or individuals property of the describe organization, giving interest, dividends or royalties.If the probability of the economic benefits for the enterprise exists and the amount of revenue can be measured reliably, income in the form of interest, royalties and dividends are recorded as follows * Interest (fees that are levied for the use of cash and cash equivalents or amounts owed) should be recognized on a temporary basis, which is proportional to the impressive yield of the asset * Dividends (profit-sharing between the owners of the share capital in proportion to their participation in the capital of a particular class) should be recognized when the shareholders have the right to receive payment * Royalties (fees for the use of fixed assets such as patents, trademarks, copyrights and computer software payments) should be recognized on an accrual basis agree to the content of the relevant treaty. Disclosure requirements IAS 18 contains certain apocalypse requirements because it is important to use disclosures to get the decision-useful information about an entitys arrangements with customers.In the income statement, as well as in the financial statements should be disclosed the following information a. The amount of to each one substantive article of the revenue received from the sale of goods, services, as well as the amount of interest, royalties and dividends b. The amount of revenue arose from exchanges of goods or services c. The methods used to designate the quantitative measures for the level of completion of the transactions in rendering of services. The disclosure requirements provide sufficient i nformation to users of an entitys financial statements about the changes in circumstances affecting those performance obligations (International Accounting Standards Board, 2008). Example of Revenue On 1/04/2010 flog Ltd. eceived total subscriptions of 480,000. So as the result, the company is obliged to provide 24 monthly publications of the magazine. Dr Bank 480,000 Cr Deferred Income account 480,000 On 31/03/ 2011 the company has produced and sent out only 6 of the 24 publications, and the total cost of producing the 24 publications is 180,000. The average cost of each publication is the same amount. That means each publication cost 7,500 (180,000/24). Consequently, the cost of production 6 publications is 45,000 (7,500*6). For one year, from 1/04/2010 to 31/3/2011, company produced 6 publications. Therefore, to produce all 24 publications, the company should complete the order in 4 years.Thus, each year Leather Ltd. will earn 120,000 (480,000/4) selling 6 publications. The orga nization will receive economic benefits in the future, and these benefits can be measured reliably. So 31/3/2011 revenue of the company is 120,000. Dr Deferred Income account 120,000 Cr Sales account 120,000 Income Statement of Leather Ltd. for the year ended 31st March 2011 Sales 120,000 Cost of production 45,000 Gross profit 75,000 Conclusion of the Report Revenue recognition criteria provided in IAS 18 Revenue should normally be applied to each operation separately.However, in certain circumstances, they must be applied to individual elements of a transaction in order to correctly reflect the sources of revenue. At the same time, on the contrary, recognition criteria can be applied simultaneously to two or more operations when their commercial effect cannot be determined without considering the operations as a whole. The provided conference helps to understand that the general principles of revenue recognition and measurement for financial reporting are extremely essential in th e system of accounting rules formed by IAS. Signed ____________ Conclusion The assignment represents the report that determines the important concepts of the regulatory framework defined by IAS 18 Revenue.While researching the following topic I got useful knowledge about the structure of the report. The assignment gives clear explanations of such terms as revenue and fair value, it also outlines important points of revenue recognition and measurement of the revenue. The assignment covers all information about how to recognize revenue and there is the particular example on revenue recognition. Bibliography ELLIOT, B. , ELLIOT, J. , (2007). Financial Accounting and Reporting. Accounting and reporting on an accrual accounting basis. 11th edition. London Copyright Licensing sureness Ltd. , p. 26. International Accounting Standards Committee (2000). International Accounting Standards Explained.Accounting for revenue and Expenses Revenue. London Copyright of IASC, p. 321. International A ccounting Standards Committee (2000), International Accounting Standards Explained, Accounting for Revenue and Expenses Revenue. London Copyright of IASC, p 322. Preliminary Views on Revenue Recognition in Contracts with Customer. International Accounting Standards Board, 2008. p. 77 http//www. iasb. org/NR/rdonlyres/0E3D5E00-B961-42F0-BA64-AB1D20BB9FE9/0/DP_PreliminaryViewsRevenueRecognition1208. pdf Accessed 24 Oct 2011 Summaries of International Financial Reporting Standards. Deloitte, 2001. http//www. iasplus. com/standard/ias18. htm. Accessed 20 Oct 2011

Piaget’s stages of development Essay

Sensory Motor playPi developts starting item of outgrowth is the sensory motor stage. This stage occurs between the birth of the squirt and the age of two. During this stage, understanding comes from touching, sucking, chewing, and manipulating objects. About nine months after birth, the peasant develops what is called object permanency. Object permanence is the awareness that objects and people continue to exist even if they are out of sight. The infants have the ability to underframe up mental pictures of objects around them, from the knowledge that they have developed on what can be through with the object. Through manipulation, babies accumulate information on themselves and the world that lead to the slight understanding of how one amour can cause or affect another, and bulges to develop simple ideas approximately time and space. An example of this would be that a baby can realize that if they cry when they are hungry, the mother will attend to them (Fleck, 1975, p. 3 ).Pre working(a) representPiagets second stage of instruction was the preoperational stage. The preoperational stage of development occurs between the ages of two to seven years. During this stage, childrens though processes are developing. There is a development of language and use of symbols. Children still use egoistical popular opinion, meaning that they view the world entirely from his or her own perspective. Animism is also a characteristic of the preoperational stage. This is when a person has the belief that everything that exists has some kind of consciousness.An example of this would be that a child would believe the overleap isnt turning on because it is sick or that the water will be hot because its angry. A child at this stage of development appears to view his social relationships and the physical reality egocentrically. This meaning that they view the world with a marked tendency to evaluate interaction with others in terms of its component part to their own ex perience of satisfaction. So moral realism is an aspect of this stage because children think that their thoughts on the deviation between right and wrong are shared by everyone else around them. (Appel, 1977, p. 4).Concrete Operational decimal pointPiagets third stage of development is the concrete operational stage. Theconcrete operational stage of development occurs in children between the ages of seven and twelve. Before the beginning of this stage, childrens ideas about different objects are form and dominated by their appearance. An example of this is that they believe there are less toys when they are all piled up rather than spread out across the floor because it takes up more space on the ground. During this stage, the thought process becomes more rational, mature, adult-like, and operational. Children in this stage of development lose their egocentric frame of thought and begin to think logically. This especially is true for the childs ability to develop logical thought a bout an object that they are able to physically manipulate. These children have difficulty understanding abstract, hypothetical questions. Children at the concrete-operational train would be expected to draw on the experiences of others in evaluating their environment, giving more realistic and natural. (Koocher, 1973, p. 2).Formal operations StagePiagets last stage of development is the formal operational stage. The formal operational stage of development begins at the age of around eleven or twelve and is fully achieved by the age of fifteen and taken throughout the rest of adulthood. The structures of development become the more abstract, logically organized dodging of adult intelligence. There are two major characteristics of formal operational thought including hypothetic-deductive abstract thought and propositional reasoning. Hypothetic-deductive reasoning means that when faced with a problem, the person is able to come up with a commonplace summary of all the possible fac tors that might affect the outcome, and the different outcomes possible.Propositional reasoning means that adolescents can centre on verbal assertions and evaluate their logical validity without making reference to real-world circumstances. In concrete operational development, children can only evaluate the logic of statements based off of concrete evidence. Formal operational development brings critical, theoretical, and problem-solving types of thought that gives them much more thought and understanding than they had in the past. (Koocher, 1973, p. 8).Are we forming children who are only qualified of learning what is already known? Or should we try to develop creative and innovative minds, capable of find from the preschool age on, throughout life? Jean PiagetOn August 9, 1896, developmental psychologist and philosopher Jean Piaget was born. Jean was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. His contributions include a theory of cognitive child development, detailed observational studies of cognition in children, and a series of simple but ingenious tests to burst different cognitive abilities. Before Piagets work, the common assumption in psychology was that children are still less competent thinkers than adults which he disproved showing the strikingly different ways children think in relation to adults.Piagets theories of child development continue to be studied in the field of education. His theory differs from others in several ways. For one, it is concerned with children, rather than all learners. It also focuses on development rather than learning so it does not address learning of information or specific behaviors. It proposes discrete stages of development marked by qualitative differences, rather than a gradual increase in number and complexity of behaviors, concepts, and ideas.

The Berlin crisis

This essay will solicit that the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) reached an agreement over Laos but not in Berlin because Berlin was politically important for twain the US and the USSR. If ever the USSR gains Berlin, the integration of the entire Eastern Europe into the Soviet axis of rotation will finally be accomplished. Should the US acquire Berlin, the former will have a strategic stronghold from which it can attack the USSR.In sharp contrast, the absence of an agreement over Laos will plunge both the US and the USSR into very costly wars. Nikita Khrushchev is famous for being a bold reformer who ended the vicious legacy of Stalinism and rejected the Soviet foreign insurance of waging a world war with the West. His goody likewise destroyed the Stalinist doctrine of isolationism that controlled the Soviet Union for decades.But Khrushchevs reckless brinkmanship and ultimatums interspersed these positive developments, resulting in the Berlin Cris is (1958-1962). Some political experts believe that the Berlin Crisis drove the world to the brink of a nuclear war. Prior to the Berlin Crisis, Khrushchev was a dictator whose major decisions were unchallenged, particularly those related to Soviet foreign policy. Under his regime, Soviet foreign policy focused on countries and issues that affected important Soviet interests and his political expediency.Priorities included finalizing a German tranquility settlement, achieving a detente with the US, preserving and strengthening ties with the Peoples Republic of China and supporting Communist movements throughout the world. disrespect Khrushchevs reformist stance, he was still determined to win the Cold War by spreadhead Communism across the globe. Shortly after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961, Khrushchev and US President flush toilet Fitzgerald Kennedy (JFK) met at the Vienna Summit, which lasted from June 3 to June 4, 1961.The summit turned out to be a very extend affair. Khrushchev initially resisted JFKs attempts to discuss Laos, saying that he was fully aware of US military interference in the said country. But Khrushchev was in a more conciliatory mood when JFK again brought up the subject of Laos the following day. The former agreed to work in good faith for the Geneva goals. Khrushchev overly claimed that interested parties should be locked in a room and told to find a solution. The agreement on Laos manifestly was the sole conclusive outcome of the Vienna Summit.

Primal Fear Reflection

If someone in my family suddenly became diagnosed with a serious mental disturbance I would be surprised. My family does not subscribe much of a history of mental disorders so it would be surprising to pee-pee to deal with one. Depending on the mental disorder my loved one would be diagnosed with would change the look I helped them. If someone in my family kept forgetting things it would be very hard to take criminal maintenance of. I would brook to repeat the same things over and over and over until they could understand what I was saying. The multiple personality disorder would also be very hard to control.If the slightest thing I did would piss them off I would have to calm them down somehow depending on what it was that I did wrong, although most of the time the real person has no idea what happened afterwards. I would love my family member no matter what their condition would be. I would take care of them in as many ways possible to help them live close to normal lives co ntempt their struggle with a mental disorder. My habits would simply change to their advantage. I would try and be there as much as possible to make sure they werent getting worse and/or causation more and more problems.I would say the most important thing to take care of my family member would be interchanging depending on what mental disorder they were diagnosed with. I dont think I could be equal to(p) to stand seeing my mom or dad or sisters turn into an alternate person who was the stark(a) opposite as them. A serious bipolar disorder would cause me to struggle with their emotions and be able to understand what they were doing and how I could help them. My family members are very important to me and I would go out of my way to help them if they were diagnosed with a serious mental disorder.

HuckleBerry Finn Essay

Ran roundd? Whats that? it means that we keep them bank theyre dead (10). This dialogue reflects Tw personals witty personality. all-day sucker braces, a great Ameri place saucyist, exploits his whim, realism, and satire in his unique report tendency in The Adventures of huckleberry Finn. scrape yoke, born in 1835, wrote numerous declares without his lifetime. Many of his books include humor they also contain deep cynicism and satire on ball club. pick out duette, the author of The Adventures of huckleberry Finn, exemplifies his aspects of writing humor, realism, and satire through and throughout the flakes and situations in his great American novel. retire couplet applies humor in the various episodes throughout the book to keep the reader laughing and make the story interesting. The starting signal humorous episode bechances when huckaback Finn astonishes Jim with stories of mightinesss. Jim had only heard of King Solomon, whom he considers a fool for lacking to chop a baby in half and adds, Yit dey say Sollermun de wises man dat ever vital. I doan take no stock in dat (75). Next, the author introduces the Grangerfords as huck goes ashore and unexpectedly encounters this family. huckaback give aways slightly a feud occurring amongst the dickens biggest families in town the Grangerfords and the Sheperdsons.When huckaback asks Buck rough the feud, Buck replies, a feud is this way A man has a dispute with some separate man, and kills him then that some other mans brother kills him then the other brothers, on two(prenominal) sides, goes for sensation a nonher then the cousins chip in and by and by everybodys killed off, and there aint no to a greater extent(prenominal) feud (105). A duel breaks out atomic number 53 day between the families and huckaback leaves town, heading for the river where he rejoins Jim, and they continue down the Mississippi. Another humorous episode appears n the novel on the P supporter oneselfs aimtation. huckaback learns that the king has sold Jim to the Phelps family, relatives of tom turkey sawyer.The Phelps family mistakes Huck for Tom sawyer. When Tom meets with Aunt Sally, he reaches over and kisses Aunt Sally on the mouth (219) This comes as a surprises to her and Tom explains that he regards she likes it (219) Later, Huck runs into Tom on the way into town and the two make up another story about their identities. The two then devise a plan to rescue Jim. They commit Jim as a prisoner and make him go through jail escaping cliches. While going through these rituals he replies I never knowed b fo twas so much bother and trouble to be a prisoner (252).In the end, though, Tom reveals that Jim owns himself. pair implements humor as a way to add realism to multiple situations. Mark straddle employs several examples of realism in the way he wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. suspender explores the gullibility of society when the duke and king go to the camp meeting and collect money from the poor, unsuspecting, church-going populate. The king makes up a story about his profession as a pirate who lost his crew at sea, to which the people respond saying, interest up a collection for him, take up a collection (128). bridge theatrical roles deceit, lying, and hypocrisy throughout the novel, which appear in various chapters. duet also reveals examples of realism through the dialect the characters implement in the novel. In his book, dyad utilizes the real dialect delectationd at the time, which further demonstrates the realist qualities which he possesses. Throughout the book, Twain includes many different dialects including the Missouri Negro dialect the extremest form of the backwoods Southwestern dialect the prevalent Pike County dialect, and four modified varieties of the last (2). Other examples of realism occur throughout the setting.The story takes send off in St. Petersburg and on the Mississippi, near Twains place of birth. In particular, Mark Twain makes use of the episodes of realism as a way to satirize society. Satire, another element in Twains writing, occurs many time throughout his novel as well. A convincing example of satire occurs in the first chapter when Huck says, by and by they fetched the niggers in and had prayers, and then everybody was off to bed (5). This pokes enjoyment at the fact that Miss Watson tries to depart a better Christian and a better person that still owns slaves and considers them property.Another adapted example of satire occurs when Pap becomes outraged at the thought of a black man having the probability to vote. However, the black man actually has more(prenominal) education than Pap (27). Twain uses the Boggs-Sherburn regulart to include more satire. When Boggs enters the story he says he has come to murder Colonel Sherburn. Sherburn then proceeds to shoot Boggs and the townspeople plan to lynch him. Sherburn laughs in their faces and says to them, you argon cowards (142). Finally the crowd breaks up and moves on (142).Huck reflects on this misadventure and says the pitifulest thing out is a mob (142). Another prime example of satire occurs when Huck goes to the Phelps woodlet and sees the two frauds, the king and the duke, tarred and feathered. He points out that human beings can be awful cruel to one another (222). Mark Twain includes numerous examples of satire throughout the novel. Through the use of humor, realism, and satire, Twain illustrates these aspects of his writing style. His style portrays the flaws in society and how pre-Civil War people treat each other.Mark Twain, one of the great American novelists of the nineteenth century, uses his books to teach others about life in the 1840s. Huckleberry Finn Analysis Although there are several themes that are apparent in Mark Twains The Adventures Huckleberry Finn, there is one theme that is more dominating throughout the course of the novel than any other. This sat irical intellection of Twains is apparent through his story of Huckleberry Finn. Mark Twain uses satire to convey his earns on the failings and evils of society by poking fun at the institutions of religion, education, and slavery.This satirical view of Twains is apparent through his story of Huckleberry Finn. Religion is one of the key recipients of Twains satire throughout the novel. Huck is forced by Ms. Watson to read and learn about the important people in The Bible, and at bottom the first pages of the book we discover Huck is not fond of the widow or her lectures. Twain uses Huck to reveal his idea that people put so much devotion into the works of long-gone ancestors of The Bible that they ignore other virtuous skills of the present day.It is shown that religious people seem to be blind to the realities of modern civilization, and are living their lives according to old morals. This is why Huck mentions that the widow does not see any good in his works, and regard litt le of what Huck feels, his good workings are not a . . . The youngest Grangerford grows up in a world of feuds, family picnics, and Sunday sermons that are apprehended further rarely followed and never questions the ways of his family. This family lives their lives by tradition, and the fact that the feud is a tradition justifies its regardless, witless violence for them.As Mark Twain once said, I believe I have no prejudices whatsoever. Another time, Pap is ranting about an educated black and insists that he is superior to the colored man, flat though he himself has no education and, is a drunk. This novel also shows that recognition of a clement being is sometimes unintentionally ignored, as seen through religion and education, yet very deliberate through the torment of slavery. After this, Huck begins to truly consider the fact that Jim is smart, I never see much(prenominal) a nigger. nything honorable, like biblical events, in the eyes of his elders.By using this feud as an example, Twain shows that people exit blindly follow what they have been brocaded on without partping to think about the consequences. Huck admires the Grangerfords principles, and the interest they placed in good manners, delicious food, and attractive possessions. The reasons for the rivalries between the two families have been forgotten. This idea is brought to the readers attention when Col. All I need to know is that a man is a member of the human race. The Shepherdsons done the same (110). Common topics in this try onHuck Jim, Mark Twain, Bible Huck, Twain Huck, Grangerfords Huck, Mark Twains, Deacon Winn, Grangerford Shepherdsons, Huckleberry Finn, Ms Watson, huckleberry finn, apparent story, finn mark, mark twain, adventures huckleberry, adventures huckleberry finn, huckleberry finn mark, view twains apparent, view twains, twains apparent, satire throughout, story huckleberry, apparent story huckleberry, beliefs towards, story huckleberry finn, Huckleberry Finn In Huc kleberry Finn, Mark Twain created a character who exemplifies freedom within, and from, American society.Huck lives on the margins of society because, as the son of the town drunk, he is fair much an orphan. He sleeps where he pleases, provided nobody chases him off, and he eats when he pleases, provided he can experience a morsel. No one requires him to attend school or church, bathe, or dress respectably. It is watchable, if not expected, that Huck smokes and swears. Years of having to fend for himself have invested Huck with a solid jet sense and a hard-nosed competence that complement Toms dreamy idealism and fantastical approach to reality (Tom creates worlds for himself that are based on those in stories he has read). scarcely Huck does have two things in common with Tom a zest for adventure and a belief in superstition. Through Huck, Twain weighs the cost and benefits of living in a society against those of living independently of society. For most of the novel, adult soc iety disapproves of Huck, only if because Twain renders Huck such a likable boy, the adults disapproval of Huck generally alienates us from them and not from Huck himself. After Huck saves the Widow Douglas and gets rich, the scale tips in the direction of living in society.But Huck, unlike Tom, isnt convinced that the exchange of freedom for stability is worth it. He has little use for the money he has found and is quite devoted to his rough, independent lifestyle. When the novel ends, Huck, like Tom, is still a work in progress, and we arent sure whether the Widow Douglass attempts to civilize him result succeed (Twain reserves the conclusion of Hucks story for his later novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn). Mark Twain Realism and Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain Realism and Huckleberry Finn Wednesday, August 29th, 2007.Is Mark Twain a Realist, zipper more and nothing less? As well as considering the meaning of Realism in a literary context this essay provide critically exami ne the issues raised by the question with an analysis of Chapter XXXI, in which Jim is stolen and Huck decides that he will help Jim though he believes he will go to hell for doing so. In so doing it will be seen that the assertion is too narrow. One view is that Realism is not attainable it is simply unacceptable to represent reality within a literary framework, K. Dauber (1999, p.386), considering Realism, argues that we can only get near to it in the imagination of the reader.The use of metaphors and similes assists us to create, within our own imagination, a landscape within which arguable events occur as part of an understandable and plausible plot. Dauber, strictly speaking, is correct, however Realist texts do exist, in considering them we need a guide as to what it is that makes them Realist. A descriptive term like Realism is reclaimable to the reader.D. Pizer considers that descriptive price such as romanticism, realism and classicism are valuable and necessary (1961, pp.263 269). His starting point is George Beckers definition. Becker based his definition upon readings of European and American fiction since 1870 dividing realism into three categories the realistic mode, realism of substance matter, and philosophical realism, Pizer considers the realistic mode based on three criteria Verisimilitude of detail derived from observation and documentation (1949, pp. 184 197).The use of various dialects (discussed in the preface), detailed descriptions of the river and disposition are Realist observations. The style fits the first part of this definition.Secondly is assurance upon the representative quite an than the exceptional in the plot, setting, and character (1949, pp. 184 197). A slaves escape from enslavement and recapture is plausible and thus Realist. Thirdly is an objective. rather than a subjective or rarefied view of human nature and experience (1949, pp. 184 197). Observations and descriptions of slavery, life in the South and o n the river are objective. In chapter XXXI, Huck must decide between a moral obligation to contact Miss Watson and his debt to Jim for his help on their journey down river.The text of Huckleberry Finn up to, and including, chapter XXXI conforms to Beckers realist mode definition. On this basis, Twain is a Realist. However, categorisations are just guides as to what we face cloththorn expect from a text or writer when categorised as Realist, quixoticist or Classicist. Twain explains his style in the preface. From this preface, Twain clearly considered it a Realist book. It is clear and generally agreed amongst critics, that up to and including chapter XXXI, Huckleberry Finn is a realist text.Given the difficulties facing a slave on the run, within the contemporary context of its setting, it is plausible that Jim would face capture and be either lynched, mutilated or at least beaten if caught. However, one cannot consider Twain was nothing more and nothing less than a Realist in the context of this chapter alone. Critics, in the first half of the twentieth century, focused on the oddment or evasion for analysis. Since the mid Twentieth Century, attention has focused on issues of race, gender and sexuality.Many view the terminus as disappointing described it as an anti climax, even burlesque (De Voto, 1932). Tom Sawyers scheming to set free an already free slave is a betrayal and even whimsicality (T. S. Eliot (although he also argues that this is the only correct ending)). The style of the ending is different from the preceding text, it is more slapstick and humorous. Ernest Hemingway (1935) claimed, All modern American literature comes from Huckleberry Finn, tho continued if you read it you must stop where the nigger Jim is stolen from the boys. This is the real end. The rest is fraud.De Voto (1932) considered the last eleven chapters fell far below the accomplishment of what had gone beforethis extemporized burlesque was a defacement of his purer work (Ci ted by hill, 1991, p 314). Tom Sawyer describes it, an evasion. It certainly detracts from the power of chapter XXXI Hucks rejection of Southern values, its belief in slavery and the superiority of whites. The evasion is the missed opportunity to emphasise this rejection by descending in to whimsicality and burlesque. The line of work with Hemingways advice is that the book does not end at Chapter XXXI. Full analysis requires a complete reading.The full-page thrust of the ending, from when Tom returns to centre stage is that of comedy and farce, it is as though Huck is acquiescing in Tom Sawyers pranks and wild schemes. L. enunciate (1948) argues that Huck is simply deferring to Tom by giving him centre stage. Eliot agrees, but then argues that it is obligation Huck does give way to Tom. The style of the book comes from Huck and the river provides form we understand the river by seeing it through Huck, who is himself also the spirit of the river and like a river, Huckleberry Fi nn has no beginning or end (cited by Graff and Phelan, 1995, pp 286 290).Therefore, Huck, logically, has no beginning or end as such he can only disappear in a cloud of whimsicalities. For Eliot this is the only way that the book can end. However, Eliot and Trilling rely on the fact that the River, Huck and Jim are symbolic, that they are allegorical. This suggests that the later chapters of the book are Romantic in style. The entire book must be considered in the context of the ending (however much it may disappoint), it is more a Romance and to say that Twain is nothing more and nothing less than a Realist is thus incorrect.However, what is Romanticism? In the United States Romanticism enjoyed philosophic expression within the movement know as Transcendentalism, in the texts of Emerson and Thoreau. Symbolic novels of Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville emphasized upkeep with Transcendent reality. Nathaniel Hawthorne in the preface to The Scarlet garner, The routine House, writes, If a man, sitting all alone, cannot dream strange things, and make them look like truth, he need never try to write romances. Romance offers a symbolic view of the world and, in that context, a historical representation of current issues is crucial (M. Kinkead-Weekes, 1982, p. 74). Symbolism and allegory are fundamental to a romanticistic text astonishing events may occur, and these are likely to have a symbolic or ideological, rather than a realistic, plausibleness R. Chase (1962, p13). Eliots interpretation, when considered in this context, asserts that Twain was not in fact writing as a Realist exclusively or, arguably, at all.Hemingway does receive support in his argument that the ending is cheating. From social lion Marx, in his 1953 article Mr. Eliot, Mr. Trilling, and Huckleberry Finn. He agrees that the ending does not fall within the realist tradition and offends plausibility in several ways Miss Watson would not free Jim, the interjection of humour is out of hol ding with the rest of the book Hucks easy transformation from bravely assisting an escaped slave and torturing over this moral position maturely, to clown is not plausible.To assist in humiliating Jim, a slave transformed to freedom fighter, when known, by Tom at least, that he is free already (however unconvincing that may be) is at odds with chapter XXXI and all preceding chapters. The ending reflects a conflict within Twain represented by Huck and Tom, he wanted to criticise Southern society but also to gain its approval. He does this by freeing an already free slave, so of the two white heroes, neither transgresses the law, nor break any moral codes of the South, and Huck is saved from going to Hell.This marks a big retreat from the powerful, and arguably most dramatic, scene in the text the purpose of Huck to reject that societys values and go to Hell, rather than betray his friend Jim. Marx may have been critical of the ending of the book in terms of content, but, in his 1 956 article, which examines the literary style of Twain in Huckleberry Finn, he considers use of language and the books excellence. He concludes the article by eulogising the text as one which manages to suggest the lovely possibilities of life in America without neglecting its terrors.The two articles when read together are a powerful argument in favour of categorizing Huckleberry Finn as a Romance Twain a amorous rather than Nothing more and nothing less than a Realist. J. M. Cox (1966) challenges Marxs assessment postulating that it is a story about a boy who has found himself, through force of circumstance in a difficult position. The reappearance of Tom in the story is a relief to Huck. By deferring to Tom at this stage, Huck is acting within character as developed earlier in the text happy to be free of the responsibilities thrust upon him.However, this analysis disregards the moral development of Huck in the text up to and including Chapter XXXI and the maturity of his mor al deliberations. Marx, and others, are attempting to compel a political agenda that is not unpatterned from the text succumbing to the fashion that it is necessary for a hero to have an agenda. Huckleberry Finn is a childs book. To impose sub texts involving subtle critiques of racial, gender, sexual and political issues misses the point entirely and is an over intellectualisation blatantly ignoring Twains instructions at the beginning of the book (R.Hill, 1991).If following Hemingways advice then Twain is no more and no less than a realist, but is not to read the book in its totality Chapter XXXI is not the end of the text. Twain has succeeded in creating a work of fiction that engenders precisely the conformation of debate that he ironically dissuades the reader from indulging in a literary masterpiece that obdurately refuses to fit neatly into any categorization at all. To say, Twain is a Realist nothing more and nothing less is thus inaccurate.Word Count 1609 Bibliography George Becker, (June 1949), pp. 184 197, Realism An Essay in Definition, in newfangled Language Quarterly Richard Chase, (1957), The American Novel and Its Tradition, Anchor Books p. 13 mob Cox, Attacks on the closing result and Twains Attack on Conscience, in Mark Twain The fate of Humor, University of Missouri shrink (1966) excerpted in Mark Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a show window guide in deprecative Controversy, Edited by Gerald Graff and James Phelan (1995) St. Martins Press pp.305 312 Kenneth Dauber, (Summer 1999), Realistically Speaking Authorship, in late 19th Century and Beyond, in American Literary History, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp 378-390 T. S. Eliot, The Boy and the River Without Beginning or End reproduced in Mark Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a Case Study in Critical Controversy, Edited by Gerald Graff and James Phelan (1995) St. Martins Press pp. 296 290 Ernest Hemingway, 1935, Green Hills of Africa Gerald Graff and James Phelan Mark Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a Case Study in Critical Controversy, (1995) St.Martins Press Richard Hill, (1991), Overreaching Critical Agenda and the Ending of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Texas Studies in Literature and Language (Winter 1991) reproduced in Mark Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a Case Study in Critical Controversy, Edited by Gerald Graff and James Phelan (1995) St. Martins Press pp. 312 334 Mark Kinkead-Weekes, (1982), The Letter, the Picture, and the Mirror Hawthornes Framing of The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne New Critical Essays, Vision Press Limited, p. 74 Leo Marx, (1953), Mr.Eliot, Mr. Trilling, and Huckleberry Finn The American Scholar reproduced in Mark Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a Case Study in Critical Controversy, Edited by Gerald Graff and James Phelan (1995) St. Martins Press pp. 290 305 Leo Marx, (1956), The Pilot and the Passenger Landscape Conventions and the Style of Huckleberry Finn, in American Literature, Vol. 28, No. 2, (May, 1956) pp. 129 -146 Robert Ornstein, (1959), The Ending of Huckleberry Finn, in youthful Language Notes, Vol. 74, No. 8 (Dec. , 1959), pp.698 702 Donald Pizer, (1961), Late Nineteenth Century American Realism An Essay in Definition, in Nineteenth Century American Fiction, Vol. 16, No. 3 (Dec 1961), pp 263-69 E. Arthur Robinson, (1960), The Two Voices in Huckleberry Finn, in Modern Language Notes, Vol. 75, No. 3. (Mar. 1960), pp. 204 208 Lionel Trilling, (1948), in Introduction to Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 1948 Rinehart edition, excerpted in Mark Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a Case Study in Critical Controversy, Edited by Gerald Graff and James Phelan (1995) St.Martins Press pp. 284 290 Posted in Mark Twain Realism and Huckleberry Finn, American Fiction No Comments Huckleberry Finn Sponsored Links Huckleberry Finn Youth Find Deals, Read Reviews from Real People. buy off the Truth. Then Go. www. TripAdvisor. com Ernest Hemingway wrote that all modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn. All American writing comes from that. There was nothing before. There has been nothing as good since.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was make in 1885, and in that year the public library in Concord, Massachusetts, became the first institution to ban the novel. Twains use of the word nigger later led some schools and libraries to ban the book. Huckleberry Finn was first attacked during Twains day because of what some described as its indecency later, it would be attacked as racist. But by the end of the twentieth century, its status as one of the greatest of American novels was almost universally recognized. Huck Finn, the protagonist and narrator of the novel, is around thirteen or fourteen years of age.He is being raised by Miss Watson and the Widow Douglas, both of whom blindly accept the hypocritical religious and moral nature of their society and try to help Huck understand its codes and customs. They represent an artificial life that Huck wishes to escape. Hucks attempt to help Jim, a runaway slave, reunite with his family makes it difficult for him to understand what is right and wrong. The book follows Hucks and Jims adventures rafting down the Mississippi River, where Huck gradually rejects the values of the dominant society, peculiarly its views on slavery. BibliographyBlair, Walter. Mark Twain and Huck Finn. Berkeley University of California Press, 1960. Smith, Henry Nash. Mark Twain The Development of a Writer. Cambridge, Mass. Belknap Press, 1962. Any new collection of essays on Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is quite welcome. With the continuing debates over the novel and its relevance in the classroom, easy access to a variety of viewpoints can only help readers arrive at their own decisions. Katie de Kosters anthology serves this purpose, offering a range of perspectives from the date of Huckleberry Finns event to the present.In the Series Foreword , the general editors state that the essays for each volume are chosen specifically for a young adult audience. With this audience in mind, de Koster includes brief summaries of each article in the table of contents, and she groups the essays themselves into thematic sections with descriptive headers. Both arrangements will likely help students locate information and ideas relevant to their interests. On the other hand, many of the essays original titles have been changed (and this may prove confusing to some scholars), but original outcome information is footnoted on the first page of each essay.De Koster has arranged the notably diverse essays into four sections The fibbers Art, Images of America, Issues of Race, and The Problematic Ending. Each section includes four or five essays. The first section includes opinions by Brander Matthews, Victor Doyno, James M. Cox, Alfred Kazin, and Ralph Cohen. Matthews 1885 review provides a practical starting point for understanding the no vel as well as its shifting literary and historical significance.Matthews not only praises its realism, the vernacular dialect of Huck, and its humor, but he also admires Twains depiction of Southern blacks and Tom Sawyers intervention of Jim in the final chapters. Doynos selectionexcerpted from Writing Huck Finn Mark Twains seminal Process (1991)focuses on how Twain painstakingly revised the manuscript to shape the individual personalities of each character. Doynos excellent and detailed analysis, however, might have served better after Coxs and Kazins more general discussions of Hucks personality and choices and of Twains artistic discoveries and social purposes.In the final essay of this section, Cohen highlights a topic of probable interest to many college-age readers the games, tricks, and superstitions of Huckleberry Finn. In the second section, Images of America, de Koster chooses essays/excerpts by Horace Fiske, Andrew Hoffman, Gladys Bellamy, and Jay Martin. Fiskes 1903 a ppreciation of Huckleberry Finn tends toward summary, paraphrase, and long quotation rather than interpretation, and it seems somewhat out of place in the collection. On the other hand, Hoffman examines Huck as a representative of the nineteenth-century social and political ideals associated with Andrew Jackson.The excerpt by Bellamy purports to discuss Huckleberry Finn as a satire on American institutions, but the section on the institution of slavery has been removed, and the verbalised opinions about race often come across as dated. For example, Bellamy writes that Twain shows us the African in Jim, imbuing him with a dark knowledge that lies in his blood (97). Such pronouncements are not well careful to illuminate young readers understanding of Twains novel. In the last essay of this section, however, Martin provides a useful and nuanced explanation of Hucks vacillating position between Nature and Civilization.The third section, Issues of Race, contains essays by John Wallace, Richard Barksdale, Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Eric Lott, and Jane Smiley. Wallaces oft-quoted essay, in which he describes Huckleberry Finn as racist trash, raises several valid concerns regarding the use of the novel in American high schools, but lacks strength in its textual analysis. Nevertheless, his major concern is taken up effectively by Barksdale, who places the novel within its historical context to show both the ironic intentions of Twain and the difficulty of learning and teaching those ironies in the classroom.Fishkin then explains not only the obligation that Twain had toward African American sources, including Sociable Jimmy, black spirituals, and personal acquaintances, but also the impact Twain had on subsequent American writers. Exploring this further, Lott discusses how Twains reliance upon blackface minstrelsy both allowed the heterogeneous achievement of Huckleberry Finn trance simultaneously making it perhaps unteachable to our own time. In the final essay of this chapter, Smiley compares Twains moral failure in his characterization of Jim to Harriet Beecher Stowes unequivocal anti-racism in Uncle Toms Cabin.Overall, this section is the strongest. That these complex understandings of Mark Twain and Huckleberry Finn often tend toward the negative comes as something of a surprise after de Kosters preface. De Koster introduces this collection within the context of the current racial controversy, but then offers a rather stressed but largely unsupported series of statements. For example, after recounting Hucks famous decision to go to hell and free Jim, she writes, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is clearly antislavery.The reader is divinatory to believe Huck made the right choice when he helped an escaped slave (13). Instead of telling the reader what s/he is supposed to believe, de Koster would do better to explain her reasoning within the complicated matrix of ideas in her collection. On a more positive note, her preface also include s a 20-page biography of Samuel Clemens that provides a useful introduction for students unfamiliar with(predicate) with his life. In the final section of the collection, The Problematic Ending, de Koster includes opinions by Joyce Rowe, Jose Barchilon and Joel Kovel, Carson Gibb, and Richard Hill.Rowe argues that Twain intentionally destroys the fictional comforts of verisimilitude in the final chapters to expose the grotesque values of society, including those of the readers. Barchilon and Kovel offer a psychoanalytic interpretation of the escape, interpreting Jims prison as a womb, his chains as an umbilical cord, and the Mississippi River as Hucks loving mother. Gibb justifies the ending as an intentionally bad joke that reflects the culture that Huck seeks to escape, yet the 1960 essay is most noticeable for the repeated use of the word nigger without quotation marks.Gibb seems to feels justified in this employ because he has explained that Huck and Tom believe niggers and pe ople are two different things (177). However, its use is supererogatory to his argument and also insensitive to the extreme. Because of this, the essay itself seems inappropriate for a collection aimed at young readers. Finally, Hill presents the most formidable vindication of the final chapters to date, arguing that Hucks response to Tom is plausible for a boy, and that Jims response shows an intelligent manipulation of contemporary stereotypes to exert at least some control over a delicate and dangerous situation.All in all, de Kosters collection offers a useful variety of opinions. It will doubtless contribute to current debates of Twains Huckleberry Finn and its place in our classrooms. About the reviewer Joe Coulombe grew up in the Mississippi River town of LaCrosse, Wisconsin (mentioned briefly in Life on the Mississippi, ch. 30). After earning his PhD at the University of Delaware in 1998, he began a tenure-track position at the